Opportunity of a Lifetime Essay

After reading this essay, one person may be added to the National Organ transplant waiting list. That one person can save or enhance more than 25 different peoples lives. The Donate Life Illinois is a group of agencies responsible for organ donations, education about organ donations and other helpful statistics to help people and save lives. The Donate Life Illinois group established that more than 6,500 people have died nationwide in the United States waiting for an organ transplant in 2011. An average of 18 people die each day waiting for an organ transplant (Organ & Tissue Donation Stats & Facts). Statistics can be overwhelming and confusing to understand, but one thing you can understand is that each number you read represents a person; a person that is waiting to be saved. This person can be a mom, a dad, a brother or a sister, someone important to someone else. Families try their best to try to help their loved ones search for organ donors. Not all patients are able to receive organs because the lack of organ donors. Through a simple two-step plan, which consists of educating more people about organ donations and changing the U.S from an opt-in system to an opt-in system, this could save those 18 lives lost each day. To start this two-step plan to fix the need for organ donors in the U.S is to educate the public about organ donations. Many Americans are not informed about this major issue of organ donations and or unaware of the lack of organ donors needed in our country. They may not realize that they can potentially become an organ donor themselves very easily. With the public becoming more educated, this will increase the number of donors and decrease the number of patients that pass away waiting for organ transplants. One major issue is the publics view about organ donations only occurring when they die. Organ donations are just as important for people that are living as well. For example, kidney transplants are in desperate need that a healthy living person can easily donate. In the essay â€Å"The Surgery Was Simple; the Process Is Another Story† by Virginia Postrel, she talked about her experience of being a living organ donor. She donated her kidney. She states, â€Å"A kidney don ation is a big deal to the recipient, but public perceptions exaggerate what’s involved for the donor† (Postrel, Virginia). The government should clearly explain how easily the procedure could be done. Kidney transplants require a few incisions just enough to get the kidney out. The recovery process is a couple days and you are the same person you were before. It’s not a life changing procedure. Deciding whether to donate is also another issue. She states, â€Å"Even relatively supportive transplant centers like mine make it easier to quit than to go through with it† (Postrel, Virginia). The government should promote organ donations. They should help the public understand that they could save many lives by donating. Organ donations are a very important in the U.S and the public needs to understand the importance of donating. The last part in the two-step plan to fix the need for organ donors in the U.S is to change the opt-in system to an opt-out system. The United States currently has an opt-in system, which individuals are asked to register their willingness to be a donor after their death . The opt-in system that our nation has currently is not very effective. â€Å"A 2005 Gallup poll revealed that more than half the population of the United States was willing to donate organs after death, but inefficiencies in the current system mean that even willing donors often end up not donating† (Carney, Scott). This is a sad statement that has been stated. This shows that there are people willing to donate but because of our system, its more difficult to pull through the procedure and unaware of how to become an organ donor. The government should come up with a solution to help these perfectly good donors willing to help others through an easier process such as an opt-out system. Donate Life America has a statistic that states, â€Å"90% of Americans say they support donation, but only 30% know the essential steps to take to become a donor† (Statistics). By having an opt-out system, it would make it easier for people to get involved with organ donations and it woul d increase the number of organ donors significantly. Instead of â€Å"100 million people that are organ donors in the U.S† (Organ & Tissue Donation Stats & Facts), we could double this number to 200 million people with more people being able to become organ donors. Some people oppose the opt-out system because they are worried about their relatives not knowing the need for an opt-out organ donor registration, a mandate will be in effect. The mandate will require the DMV and Hospitals to ask people if they want to be on the opt-out organ donor list. Most United States citizens have a driver’s license, which means they have to renew it every couple years so it is up to date. The government can then require people that are renewing their license to be informed about the opt-out system and then they can decide whether they want to be removed from the organ donation list or not. In Hospitals, the policy can consist of requiring the patients to sign a document while they are checking into the hospital stating that they understand the opt-out policy completely for organ donations and can state if they do not want to be removed from the organ donation list. If the patient doesn’t want to become an organ donor, they have the right to register as a non-organ donor. This mandate will potentially eliminate the donors family’s claim that they did not realize that the donor need to opt-out of the list to become an organ donor. Through this simple two-step plan, this policy can increase the number of organ donors on the United States, and it will decrease the number of deaths due to the lack of organ donors. With the public becoming more educated about organ donations, people will be less hesitant to go through the organ donation process. The United States government can influence people to go through with organ donations and change the U.S system from an opt-in system to an opt-out system. Changing the opt-in system to an opt-out system will increase organ donors significantly as well because it will be an easier way to establish if the person wants to become an organ donor or not. By these two simple plans to increase organ donations, those 18 lives lost each day will be reduced because of the people wanting to help each other and donate their organs to the people in desperate need of donors. Works cited Carney, Scott. â€Å"The Case for Mandatory Organ Donation.† Patterns for College Writing. 12th ed. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Bedford, 2010. Pgs 614-617. Print. â€Å"Organ & Tissue Donationï€  Stats & Facts.† Donate Life Illinois. Gammon Group, 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. . Postrel, Virginia. â€Å"The Surgery Was Simple; the Process Is Another Story.† Patterns for College Writing. 12th ed. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Bedford, 2010. Pgs 625-627. Print. â€Å"Statistics.† Statistics | Donatelife.net. N.p., July 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. .

Compare Chinese and Indian Creation Stories Essay

Creation stories or creation myths are narratives that explain how things began; they are usually passed down generations after generations. In almost every culture throughout the whole world there are a variety of versions of creation stories since the desire to know the origin of things around us is a common human instinct. Despite the differences between the cultures and countries, many common themes and elements can be found in their creation stories. In Both Chinese and Indian creation stories the creators of the earth are both a male human-being like figure with a nonspecific background. A long time ago the whole universe was coalesced into a cosmic egg, inside the egg there was nothing but darkness. Among these â€Å"Hundun( )† (a term was used to describe a nebulous state in Chinese) there was Pangu( ) who was resting for about 18,000 years, finally he woke up and feeling suffocated, so he decided to standup. However; he was wrapped tightly by this egg shell and he couldn’t even stretch his arms and legs. He pulled off one of his teeth and turned it into a huge axe and broke the egg shell into two parts with a powerful swing, the light part of the egg kept flying and became the sky (Yang) and the heavy part kept sinking and became the earth (Yin). Pangu was worried that the sky and earth would come back and close again. He decided to stand between them with his head supporting the sky and his feet on the earth, as time went by he grew taller and the sky and earth also got thicker each day. Another 18,000 years passed. Pangu used up all his strength and was convinced that the sky and the earth could stay separated forever. Finally he lay down and suddenly his left eye became the sun, his right eye became the moon; his breath became the wind and voice the thunder; his hair and beard became the shining stars and his arms formed the ground and the mountains; his blood formed the rivers and muscles the soil; his skin became the trees and flowers, teeth and bones turned into gold and minerals†¦ Similar to the Chinese Pangu creation story the Indian Pima’s creation story also started with a human-being like character whose name was Juh-wert-a Mah-Kai (â€Å"The Doctor of the Earth†). He was floating in the empty darkness and eventually decided to create the earth, the sun, the moon, the stars and eventually the world that he was satisfied with. As we can see there are essential elements or parallels between the two creation stories. They both agreed that the world was crafted by an otherworldly being that had the supernatural powers and the creation of the earth both happened upon waking them up. They both invested in the essential elements that existed on earth from themselves, such as the sun, the moon and the stars. In addition, it is easy to notice that the gender of the creators was male which indicated that in both culture male was the symbol of strength and power. In ancient China this idea was greatly reflected since the male heritage was extremely important as they were the dominated ones in the society. Female characters also played an important role in both Chinese and Indian creation stories. After Pangu separated the sky and the earth, there was a woman Nuwa( ) who was the only human-being existing on earth. She was wondering around and trying to find someone to talk to. However, the fishes and the birds could not understand her. She felt so lonely and as she stopped by a pond where she saw her shadow reflected in the water, suddenly she realized that she needed someone like her on this earth, so she decided to create more human-beings like herself using the yellow clay and mud near the pond. She also made animals out of them such as chicken, dogs, cattle and horses. This kind of mother figure can also be found in the Indian Iroquois creation story where in the upper sky world there was a pregnant woman who gave birth to two twin boys. Both Nuwa and the Indian sky woman were female creators that created human-beings without another male figure involved since the creation stories were told long before people understand the reproductive process and the humans in these stories were undefined creatures that usually possessed unusual power. More importantly they both emphasized the primary responsibility of women in human society as involved in biological reproduction. It is not hard to notice that there are also some common events which happened in both creation stories, such as floods. After human-beings were created by Nuwa, they started to reproduce offspring. Among them there were two characters-fire and water. There was a time that fire and water had a war. The four pillars supporting between the sky and the earth collapsed which led to the rising of the oceans and there was fire and floods everywhere. While Nuwa felt helpless that a giant turtle came to her and offered its legs, Nuwa was able to use them to replace the four pillars and put them between the sky and the earth again and everything went back to normal. However there still were some damages, the sky was slightly ilted towards the northwest side which was the reason why the sun and the moon went back to the west in the end of the day. Also the earth was slightly sunk towards the southeast which explained that all the water and rivers were running and gathering in that direction. In the Indian Puma’s flood story two snakes were made to try to stop the flood and the snakes were lying between the south and west, and after the flood people who were created in the story were settled down in different areas in same region where the Indians were found later on. The flood stories represented the recreation of the original earth that was created and explained the establishment of the orders of nature and societies. Turtle is also a common creature in both creating stories as we found in the Nuwa’s story and in the Indian Iroquois creation story a large turtle saved the sky woman and the back part of the turtle grew into an island of earth. In Chinese culture turtle is often treated as a magical animal, and it is one of the four guardians of the Chinese compass. It is commonly used to represent longevity and endurance in many other mythologies from different cultures since it has a long lifespan and the sturdiness of its back which was used as the implication for the origin of the earth. In conclusion, the Chinese and Indian creation stories are very similar in many aspects. They explained how the sky and earth were created from a state of darkness or â€Å"Hundun†, and how was everything established and reestablished on earth, and they also tried to explain nature phenomena with a logical sense before any scientific explanations were established. They served as the foundations of the social structure for each culture and reflected the religions and beliefs in different cultures. They are also used as great sources today for studying the origins of the cultures. Some people today may look at these stories and find them amusing because it contradicts with scientific facts and evidence. In addition, some of these stories have been used for other purposes such as cartoons, novels, and convey the philosophy of life in an acceptable way that plays a vital role in society.

Globalization of Technology Essay

Politics – Technology enables and even promotes changes in every aspect of our lives. Through the years it has changed what and how we eat (the microwave), how and where we work (the internet), how we are entertained, and even how we keep in touch with friends and family. And though many people may notice these types of quick advances of technology, many may not notice how technological advances have tied into changes in politics and the way they have been run. †¢The power of mass images has really become a major influence on politics as a product of a increasing technology. In the 1960’s, images of wealth in the west eventually exposed the weakness of the communist regime running the old Soviet bloc. There is the story Nikita Khrushchev narrating a film of Harlem in the 1960’s to demonstrate poverty in America. Instead, his poor, struggling citizens focused on the nylons hanging on backyard clothes lines and the number of fine autos in the street, and saw wealth rather than poverty. Today, the pictures from Iran appear in graphic detail on our televisions. The power of the mass media has made it more difficult for the state to wall off the outside world. †¢The television has been used to promote politics through commercial advertisement since the Dwight D. Eisenhower campaign in 1952. That was over 50 years ago. It has been used to broadcast presidential debates since the Kennedy vs Nixon Great Debate in 1960 which was exactly 50 years ago. However, nothing is like the way the television is used today. †¢The most recent Presidential campaign, in 2008, showed how fundraising is being impacted. President Obama raised a record breaking 600 million dollars in contributions during his run up to the election. Of that 600 that Obama received, 500 million came from the internet and through public financing through the internet. He ran as fierce an internet campaign as he did his television and radio campaigns. Later the same young people who followed Obama’s every move online, turned out to vote. †¢Is technology damaging politics? †¢For example, you can argue that because there are dozens of news channels. Campaigns are now much more media run. The media decides what is news worthy (which as of the past few years has been whatever gets ratings), interprets the meaning of events for its viewers, and manipulates the decision making process of its viewers. †¢Can technology be damaging to political candidates themselves? †¢Political videos of nearly every 2008 presidential candidates can be found on YouTube. In many of the posted videos, candidates are engaged in old speeches, contradicting their current political positions. †¢Also, since the election, the internet seems to have gone from President Obama’s best friend, to his greatest political enemy. Some of the most controversial legislation in US history is being introduced and posted online for all Americans to see, online commentators who once supported Obama are continuously pointing out unfilled promises. Economy and Social Relations – Technological progress is the key to offering future populations the potential for improved standards of living. Technical change enables firms to combine inputs in a novel manner to produce existing products more cheaply and to develop new products to meet consumer needs. Economists and other social scientists pretty much agree that technological change is the most important contributor to economic growth in the modern era and it is estimated that more than half of the country’s long-run growth is can be attributed to technological change. †¢A prime example of technology based increases in productivity comes from the field of agriculture. Until at least the 17th century, about 90% of the population was directly involved in agriculture. In the United States, the farm population was 44% of the total population as recently as 1880. Currently, the U.S. farm population is about 2% of the total population. But over that same period, total production from farms has more than doubled. The increase in productivity is correlated with several technological innovations in the field of farming. The innovations include the widespread use of farm chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides), and farming equipment. Thus, the tremendous increase in farm productivity is seen as a direct result of the technological advances that were made in the field. †¢Technological change in production processes like that often reduces the amount of labor and other resources needed to produce a unit of output. This is good on one hand because it reduces the cost of production for products but on the other, it also results in a loss of jobs in the short-r un. The long-run is a different story though. By reducing the cost of production you thereby are lowering the price of a particular good in a competitive market, which then frequently leads to a greater demand for that good. And a greater output demand results in increased production, which requires more labor, and offsets the effects of losing jobs in the short-run. †¢Along with production technology, constant improvements of transportation and communications technologies have also had major impacts on today’s economy. Previously, physical and human resources moved around the world by means of land, sea, and air transportation. Now, with data serving as a basic resource and digital communications the means of transport, financial capital is moving throughout the world at nearly the speed of light. †¢How has technology negatively affected the economy? †¢One challenge that technology has brought about to the new global economy comes from the new wave of outsourcing. As a concept it’s not new. Companies have chased cheap labor around the globe for decades, making cars in Mexico, plastic toys in Taiwan and shirts in Malaysia. But in the past couple of years, the debate over outsourcing has intensified as technology companies reduce costs by sending technical support, software development, quality assurance and other functions offshore. A few years ago this idea would have been impossible. The world mostly turned to its technology leaders, companies such as Microsoft Corp. for example, when it needed software. But with the growth of broadband Internet connections and e-mail, technical support staff and software developers can respond to questions with the same speed in Bangalore, India, as they do in Bellevue. And they can do it at a fraction of the cost. †¢Of course this comes at the expense of not only lower class and low skilled workers in the U.S., but even in the middle classes, there are plenty of jobs that are now outsourced.. Again, inability to find work means inability to purchase homes, spend money, and profit companies. When people don’t buy, corporations that produce things don’t make money, which can thus â€Å"trickle down† to fewer jobs available and a greater desire to outsource to make things more cheaply so they will be more attractive to consumers. †¢Those supporting outsourcing say that lowering expenses of corporations will create jobs. There are plenty of government agencies that outsource some of their work, saving them millions of dollars, a direct effect on the US economy and on federal spending. A common theory contends that being able to pay people lower wages for work means that companies will be able to produce things with less expense and transfer this saving to consumers. Lower prices may mean more consumer spending, and companies will be able to hire more workers in the US because they’re paying less for workers outside of it. †¢Further, many argue that giving jobs to workers in less developed countries improves those countries economically and increases trade for US products. It also increases a country’s ability to pay back debts to the US, and may promote better political relationships. Companies economically benefit by selling their products in other countries. This means they can hire more people in the US and lower their prices on products for US consumers.

Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nutrition - Essay Example It is I this regard that a program that is aimed at reducing the incidence and prevalence of this condition among preschool children is justifiable. Project Plan The plan of the project includes identification of the needs of preschool children and their parents in relation to childhood obesity. Needs such as education requirements for parents on nutrition will be assessed during the program. The needs of children for improved health will be determined during the project through screening criteria. This includes determining the seriousness of the obesity condition among these children including the impact that it has had on their physical, emotional and cognitive well being. The assessment and determination of needs will be followed by a design and implementation of the most appropriate interventions for overcoming the problem. This includes the involvement of various stakeholders and the community in the project. Evaluation of the project in relation to effectiveness in achievement of the set goals and objectives will also be part of the project which will be culminated by reporting of the findings and recommendations to relevant authorities, partners and players. Expected Outcomes It is expected that at the end of the project, the society is aware of the proper nutritional measure that will help them to prevent childhood obesity among preschool children. ... In addition, training of teachers and parents on the management of the children in preventing obesity is one of the major expected outcomes of the project. In addition, the preschoolers are expected to have been involved in between moderate to strenuous physical activity as a way through which they would keep fit both physically and cognitively. Target Audience The target audience for the project includes parents, teachers and the preschoolers themselves. This is because the activities that will be conducted within the project aim at solving the problem of obesity among the children with the help of their parents and teachers. For example the playground which is one of the outcomes of the project aims at allowing the children to utilize it in physical exercise which will be a prerequisite for improved health and prevention of obesity among them. Moreover the training program will target the teachers and parents so that they would be equipped with adequate skills and knowledge in help ing the young children to overcome their condition. Stakeholders/Partners The stakeholders of this project include the government, non-governmental organizations, health care systems, health care professionals, school administrators, teachers, parents, the community and the preschool children themselves. Each of these stakeholders will play important roles in promoting the achievement of the goals and objectives of the project. The government through its agencies at the local level will approve the project in addition to provision financial resources to support the project upon approval by the relevant authorities. The non-governmental organizations are also part of the donors of the

What were the major features of economic change in Europe in the Essay

What were the major features of economic change in Europe in the period 1500-1914 - Essay Example This period also marks a time of population growth which clearly impacted on the economic developments being experienced by many European nations during this time. This paper shall discuss the major features of economic change in Europe in the period of 1500 to 1914. The economic changes in United Kingdom and on Germany shall be highlighted for this paper. Body In general, from 1750 to 1914, economic changes in Europe included the introduction of railroad use in the transport of goods. These railroads also helped usher in urbanization and a continuity of the imperialism goals of Europe with the spread of their trade with other countries and with the expansion of political linkages (North Penn School District, 2002). Within this same time period, major economic changes were also seen, especially with the increase in commercialized activities ushered in by improved methods in the transport of goods. It also marked a time of improved communication, with common activities involving terri torial expansion and exploration (North Penn School Disrict, 2002). Europe’s economic activities also shifted from imperialistic goals to colonization activities as Europeans were now considering expansion as a means of gaining advantage over their competitors. This period also marked a time where the European economy shifted from agricultural activities to industrial activities. Homemade goods became factory made and more raw materials were transported from their various colonies. This led to a significant increase in their production of food, clothing, and other products. The motivation to expand at this time was a major goal for Europe and these goals also shifted towards the acquisition of more lands. The colonies also became major sources of raw materials for Europe and as such, Europe was able to rise as a major global economic power. Its attention now shifted from imperialistic to colonialist goals. And this shift in goals was seemingly dictated by its access to mercan tile goals (North Penn School District, 2002). Due to these shift in goals, Europe was able to concentrate its activities toward more industrial goals, expanding its economic activities beyond the ability to feed its population. As a result, it became a major player in trading with its neighbours and with the rest of the world. Two major events were seen from the 1500 to 1914 in Great Britain. This period saw the birth of Industrial Revolution and the manifestation of Demographic Transition (Clark and Cummins, 2009). The Industrial Revolution marked a time of rapid economic growth and the introduction of new innovations. Before the Industrial Revolution, the concern of the governments was to increase population, not to improve their lives. Before the industrial revolution, the higher income population had higher overall fertility rates. Without the industrial revolution, an even greater increase in the population would have been seen (Clark and Hamilton, 2006). Eventually, in Englan d, increased rates in marriage became apparent in the 1890s, however, substantial decrease in fertility rates were seen with the introduction of industrial activities. Hence, the focus of the people and of the government was turned towards decreasing population growth. After 1910, the focus also was turned towards improving the lives of the people – their standards of living – and this saw further possibilities for Britain in improving the potential of the population for more scholarly work (Clark and Cummins, 2009). The Demographic Transition Period was seen from 1870 to 1910. This marked a general decline in net fertility. What was started during the industrial revolution manifested during the period of demographic transition (Clark a

Global Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Global Branding - Essay Example The motivation as to find the main aspects that would increase productivity by understanding how people think and behave based on cultural attributes. This study opened up the need to look for diversity training methods that would improve the way people understood the society. Ideally, the growth of any organization was pegged on an ability to understand the main intrigues that lead to brand loyalty as many argue within the international business platform. Brands will only sell an organization if employees are aware of what the brand means to them and the effects it has on their performance. This essay seeks to answer pertinent questions regarding the link between brand and culture. The main hypothesis is that culture is a huge determinant of how branding will take place, with the building blocks and elements of the brand picking their strength from the key attributes of the inherent culture. If the culture is ignored, branding will not achieve anything in the new market. This will be first handled by briefly looking at the main aspects of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, the elements that make brands appealing to clients, and the link between the two. Brand management only happens when managements involve employees in the creation of a motivating and sustainable culture. When one hears of the term culture, one of the main definitions that come to mind has to do with the beliefs, customs, art, morals and knowledge that is acquired by a group of people working or living in similar premises. This also extends to the workplace where people share the company’s values, norms, brands, mission statements, objectives, morals, and aims as they work towards meeting the main goals within that organization (Hofstede 2010: 29). Ideally, the growing need for a stable company leads to the growth of a culture that can meet the main demands of the society while working towards the behavioral restructuring of the different people within the

Why School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory Research Paper

Why School Uniforms Should Be Mandatory - Research Paper Example Arguments against and for this policy are therefore considered in the light of some recent studies of this issue. This paper proposes that school uniforms should be mandatory because they foster team spirit and self- respect in a culture which too often promotes selfish individualism and rebellion. One of the most common arguments cited against the use of mandatory school uniforms is that of the right of the individual to freedom of expression. This right is guaranteed in the First Amendment (Isaacson, 1998, p. 1) and is designed to allow equal opportunities for people who have different cultures, religions, and personal convictions to distinguish themselves. It is argued that school uniforms can impose one particular style upon students, and that this is not fair to those who come from a minority group which does not share the beliefs and taste of the dominant group. Other criticisms include the study Brunsma which reviews over 100 articles on the topic of school uniform policy and concludes that mandatory school uniforms have no clear benefit for schools or students and may in fact encourage both students and parents to feel excluded from key school policies and decisions. (Brunsma, p. 186)

Distopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Distopia - Essay Example The fictional stories of dystopia always have a tragic end. A first time dystopian reader who expects regular ending will be surprised by the tragic events in the stories. Writers like Yevgeny Zamyatin, H. G. Wells, Eugene Luther, etc., had written many utopian and dystopian stories. Yevgeny Zamyatin's WE was completed in 1920 and published in English in the year 1924. It's an irony or can be said as totalitarian conditions prevailed in Russia prevented Zamyatin to release his book in his own country until 1952, fifteen years after Zamyatin's death. The book describes how life would be like in a totalitarian state. It also reflects the author's view on Russia, which was governed by communists under the leadership of Stalin. In this dystopian story the world is under a totalitarian state and was called as One State. This One State is controlled under the dictatorship of one who was called as Benefactor. In this world no one has a name, everyone is recognised by his or her identification numbers. Each individual addresses other by his or her number and always work in unison. In One state everything is made of glass including buildings, tools and machinery. There is no privacy for One state's citizens. "Every building is made of this same glass, enabling any behaviour not proscribed by the Table of Hours, the sacred text of the One State, to be easily seen and reported" (Mirra Ginsburg, 1972). In this glass-enclosed city of absolutely straight lines, nameless numbers (individuals are recognised by their designations) - survivors of a devastating war - live out lives devoid of passion and creativity. An individual by the number D-503 also lives the same life as others and is chief builder of the One state's prestigious project called as Integral. Integral is a mega project, which involves in the construction of a spaceship that will be used to explore outer planets and bring them under the leadership of Benefactor. A network of Guardians constantly monitors the activities of One state's citizens. The Guardians responsibility is to check irregular behaviour of an individual. Out of this state is a green jungle where rebels reside and D-503 falls in love with a woman I-330 who works with the rebels. "D-503's rigidly structured life grows in complexity as he meets I-330, a fiercely dominant woman who seduces him, first from his lover O-90, then from his beloved One State" (Mirra Ginsburg, 1972). This new relationship tears his conscience apart and he no longer thinks straight. He becomes so involved with the rebels that he joins them against One state. George Orwell's 1984 is another dystopian story that ends in a tragic note. The story took place in London in the year 1984. The story revolves around the life of Winston who lives in London, which is a part of Oceania. Oceania is one of the three countries that exist in the world; the other two are Eurasia and Eastasia. These three countries are always at war. Oceania is a totalitarian state under the leadership of Big Brother and strict censorship is implemented through out the country. "Winston is disgusted with his oppressed life and secretly longs to join the fabled Brotherhood, a supposed group of underground rebels intent on overthrowing the government" (George Orwell, 1949). Winston falls in love with Julia. Julia hates inner party as much as Winston does. Winston meets a person called O'Brien whom he thinks as a

Recommendation from IT department to CEO about SARS Virus-2013 Essay

Recommendation from IT department to CEO about SARS Virus-2013 - Essay Example ymptoms: Provided that SARS outbreak is confirmed, it is possible, regardless of whether a case is identified or not for the IT department to research from various medical databases the symptoms of SARS virus. This approach would ensure the company can conduct a diagnosis process to isolate the health stakeholders from the infected and to contain farther spreading of the virus (Berkman, 2007). b. Research on virus management: Since the virus is reported to have been detected, the IT department is responsible for researching virus management strategies to aid in the containment of the virus from spreading to healthy individuals (Berkman, 2007). c. Quarantine procedures and specifications: The IT department can play the role of researching and developing models of quarantine units within the organization to aid in isolating infected cases from uninfected ones. In addition, this process would ensure that no infected cases leave the premises without professional examination (Berkman, 2007). d. Developmental analysis for virus scan: The IT department in collaboration with medical professionals can research, design, and develop a program for scanning stakeholders of the virus to ensure new cases are not introduced into the premises and current sufferers do not elude quarantine (Berkman, 2007). Berkman, BE. (2007). Ethical and Legal Considerations in Mitigating Pandemic Disease: Strategies for Disease Containment. Accessed online on February 17, 2015 from

United States and Israel Essay Example for Free

United States and Israel Essay The relationship between the United States and Israel should be realized as different and unique in its own rights since both parties are distinct in their own way, gaining political, economic, and cultural independences that influenced and continuous to influence so many others. It can be said that for such a small country, Israel has acquired importance far beyond its size, not only politically but socially and culturally. It is apt to say that, today the United States is the lone superpower, carrying vast military might, capable leaders wielding economic and cultural strengths enabling vast influences of unparalleled scope. Owing to the distinctness of both parties, it will be astonishing to note if a relationship forged between this two did not possess certain distinctness as well. A variety of events both done and only as a result of circumstances, envelope this US-Israel relationship. Both carrying slack/criticism and praise for forging such a strong tie that transcends all political, moral/ethical, social and cultural bonds. This paper attempts to investigate the relationship between the two countries and how it was developed and sustained all throughout the years. And the answer the pressing question of its survival in the recent changing strata of economy, cultural and political powers and perspectives. Roots: The US-Israel relationship began in 1948 when President Truman of the United States readily acknowledges the sovereignty of the Jewish state, but despite this it is evident that the US did not truly acknowledge Israel by adapting a neutrality act that prevented sale or transfer of military weapons to Israel (Cristol, 2002). It can also be realized that Israel formed a closer relationship with France rather than America (Leiber, 1998). But despite these primary dimensions the progression of the American-Israeli connection was far from steady progressions. It can be said that the relationship at first was neutral at most and aid to Israel was slow, whether it be economic or military assistance. This relationship was slow in coming, it took many steps before an actual relationship was formed. A budding military relationship started when President Johnston started selling military weapons to Israel around 1965-66. Reinforced by Israel success with its military efforts against other nations, particularly that of the Soviets, American analysts started to realize that Israel has become a major regional power capable of aiding them in their Mediterranean and Middle East efforts. Israel’s defeat of the Soviets and its subsequent aid to the US in the form of information regarding Soviet weaponry and tactics were significant in the US military efforts in Southeast Asia and during the Cold War. The intensifying war, the Cold War to be precise, also intensified US-Israel relationship, as the US looked to Israel to be its stable, reliable ally in the region and as Israel responded as such, the relationship strengthened. Israel in turn was recognized as a â€Å"strategic asset† rather than simply being an ally (Steinberg, 1998). Israel was very much in the thick of the Iran arms sales as well as becoming the channel to funnel US arms to Central America. The US and Israel share common goals, passions and advocacies, the special relationship between Israel and the United States has come to rely on deep-seated factors, Sharing a commonality that enabled them to work together includes. Democracy. Both Israel and the United States hold democracy and liberty with the highest consideration. Note the fact that Israel is the only democratic country in the Middle East. Immigration. Not unlike the United States, Israel’s population is that of immigrants. Welcoming the embracers of Zionism, the Jewish national liberation movement. While, the United States, the land of greener pastures, immigrants consists mostly of those wanting to work in the US, seeking higher pay and better work environment. Economy. Both Israel and US economies value free market. Each committing to competitiveness, international trade liberalization support and multilateral trading. Education. It can be noted that both countries exhibit high regard for good education for its citizens. Both nations firm believers of education as an integral part in shaping a nations future thru proper education of its young. A mutual support system. Israel was also one of the first to support the US in its efforts to enhance security by cooperating with the US Department of Homeland Security for development of initiatives to enhance such, also supporting the US in many of its endeavors with the United Nations as the US continues to bring aid and assistance to its Israeli counterpart. This framework shows many areas of partnership that enabled US-Israel relations to grow in proportion and depth. But like any other relationship, this forged relationship did not come without problems and strains. Relationship strains came in the form of American pressure on Israel to withdraw its forces in the Sinai Peninsula. Israel’s role in the Suez operations in 1956. The AWACS being sold to Saudi Arabia, the Lebanese Massacre of Palestinians in 1982 and the intifada. All bearing strain on the relations between US and Israel. It can be surmised that sometimes differences in opinions and goals can sometimes bring in strain to a steady friendship but it is duly noted too that the bond of this relationship is very deep and rooted, it will not be easily deferred and it remains to be so. FOREIGN POLICY It can be surmised that these two nation forge a cooperation that is surprisingly balanced, if you weigh it against a range of international issues. The Unites States continues to be Israel’s power patron, with the US backing Israel financially and politically even to the point of strain with other allies. It can be seen that Israel shows its allegiance to the US by voting with the Americans in United Nations General Assembly votes 95% of the time, even in consideration of other countries recognized as close to very close American allies. It will be noted that through the years, Israel has supported the US, even to the extent that they are the only ones behind the US. This support can be deemed blind and maybe one of the reasons for the US continued alliance with this country. Continuing U. S. Support – strategy wise There may be a strategic and logical reason for US continuing support of Israel, it is noted as follows: ? Israel has effectively stopped victories by radical nationalist movements in not only Lebanon and Jordan, but in Palestine as well. ? Syria, a known ally of the Soviet Union for many years, has been kept in check by Israel. ? Predominant air force in their region is Israel’s Air Force ? It can be realized that the many and frequent wars engaged by Israel provided an actual testing ground for US weapons, and usually against its major counterpart the Soviet Union. ? That in order to support unpopular movements and regimes, Israel has become an American channel in providing military assistance, weapon sales to Islamic Republic of Iran, military junta of Guatemala, the Nicaraguan Contras, and the likes. ? Not only once did the Israeli intelligence assist US military operations in covert and intelligence gathering operations. ? Israel’s intelligent military has developed missles and weapons capable of annihilating the Soviet Union and not only once did it assist the US military in the research and development of new weapons, jet fighters and defense systems more capable of protecting the state. Conclusion It may not be a match made in heaven, but mutually working for each other and benefitting from it, it may well be as close as it can get. Many believes that the US support for Israel range from insane to absurd to illogical and even outright dumb. The special relationship forged by US and Israel is a mixture of causative factors that enabled this relationship to flourish including historical memory, regional security and stability considerations, the US national interest, religion and communal ties. It can also be partly due to personal rapport and friendships built by heads of the states. Although it is understandable that not many understand this ties, especially when they see the very people, Americans are supporting, killing and salvaging a great many people they believe to be enemies. They tend to think of it as utter hypocrisy. But it has to be believed that many great American presidents supported and aided Israel and one cannot surmise their actual reasons behind it, but it can be surmised that ultimately US Officials think of the nations interests and being privy to private/confidential information may have led them to continue their support for Israel despite how it is seen by the public for in the end, it’s still the nations general welfare that they are after. Works Cited Cristol, J (2002) When did the US and Israel become allies. History News Network. Online retrieved 21 Feb 2008 from http://hnn. us/articles/751. html Leiber, R. (1998) U. S. -Israel relations since 1948. Meria Journal 2(3): 11-20 Steinberg, G. (1998) Israel and the United States: can the special relationship survive the new strategic environment? Meria journal 2(4): 61-81

Health promotion within the midwifery profession

Health promotion within the midwifery profession This essay will focus on smoking and diet in relation to health promotion within the midwifery profession. Smoking and diet are two main areas of health promotion, which are addressed within the role of the midwife. Smoking and types of diet are both choices which women choose to make, both of which can affect their own health and the health of their child. Smoking is known to have negative effects on pregnancy. There have been many recent public health campaigns which encourage smoking cessation; the reasons for this will be discussed in relation to maternal and fetal heatlh. Diet is an extensive topic and an unhealthy diet can affect pregnancy in various ways. The subtopics of vitamin deficiencies and obesity will be discussed as they are both relevant to todays population of women within the UK. It is a midwives role to promote a healthy diet and lifestyle; as set out by The Royal College of Midwives, and the Nursing and Midwifery council, whom provide rules, regulations and standards which midwives must adhere to when practicing. Evidence based guidelines are also set out by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists to improve the way in which midwives practice. Both rules and guidelines aim to provide training which enable midwives to promote a healthy diet and lifestyle to optimise the health of the woman and her developing fetus prior to and during pregnancy. Being healthy means different things to different people. There are many different definitions of health. The medical model, now common in the 20th century, defines health as being the absence of illness and presence of a good bodily function. However, this definition does not take into account social or mental factors and focuses on treatment rather than prevention which may be considered as reductionist and negative (Scriven 2010). Whereas a holistic definition, by The World Health Organisation (1948), states that health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Even though the holistic model may be praised for acknowledging that mental and social factors effect health, WHOs definition has been heavily criticised for being too idealistic and would consider many people unhealthy (Scriven 2010). In relation to midwifery it is important to promote health, as a healthy diet and lifestyle prior to and during pregnan cy improves the chances of a successful pregnancy. It is a midwives role to promote health and wellbeing of women and their babies (NMC, 2008). Health promotion, as described by Scriven (2010), is said to be improving, advancing, supporting, encouraging and placing health higher on personal and public agendas. Midwives use health promotion models and approaches to enable a common value to be made clear; allowing all team members to work towards the same goal. As a result, effective communication between midwives is more likely, and therefore the quality of health promotion given to women is improved (Bowden 2006). Commonly, Tannahills model of health promotion, developed by Downie et al (1996), lends itself well to midwifery practice. The model mainly focuses on health education, health protection and preventing ill-health. These three main topics overlap; in which health promoting activities may fall. Child vaccination programmes implemented by the NHS is an example of health protection overlapping with ill-health prevention that oc curs in practice (Bowden 2006).This example emphasises the positive feature of the model; being able to carry out both objectives of improving health and preventing disease (Sykes 2007). The educational approach is often used within this model whereby the midwife gives facts and information to the women who may then choose to act on the information given, or not (Bowden 2006). Similarly, the behaviour change approach is commonly used in midwifery when encouraging women to change her attitudes or beliefs to adopt a healthier lifestyle (Bowden 2006). There are many health promotions approaches and models. However, no specific model is relevant to every woman. Each woman will have individual needs and therefore requires an individual assessment in relation to health promotion. Recently smoking has been the centre of health promotion. It is generally accepted that smoking in pregnancy has detrimental effects on fetal growth. Conter et al (1995) found that women who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy were more likely to have a baby with a lower birth weight than babies born to women who did not smoke during pregnancy. Carbon monoxide, inhaled in cigarette smoke, combines more readily with haemoglobin than oxygen (Sherwood, 2006). As a result, the maternal blood supplies less oxygen to the fetus for growth and development; often resulting in low-birth-weight babies. Lumley et al (2009) undertook a systematic review and concluded that methods which encourage women to quit smoking while pregnant reduce the amount of women who continue to smoke in late pregnancy, as well as reducing low birth weights and pre-term birth. However, some women may argue that it is desirable to have a smaller baby as they assume labour will be shorter and less painful, and therefore will not stop smoking. The midwife must explain that this is untrue and there are serious health implications to herself and her child. It is well-known that babies born with a low-birth weight are more likely to die in their first year of life, or require special educational needs during childhood (RCM 2003). Maternal smoking is thought to increase the risk of miscarriage. Abnormal placentation is a cause of spontaneous abortion of which is linked to increased blood pressure; an adverse effect of smoking (Stables and Rankin, 2010). However, research findings are inconclusive. Similarly, maternal smoking is known to increase the likelihood of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Blair et al (1996) found that the risk of sudden infant death rose with maternal smoking. Postnatal infant exposure to tobacco smoke was also seen to increase the likelihood of SIDS. It can therefore be concluded that antenatal care that encourages smoking cessation during pregnancy and reduces exposure to tobacco smoke in the postnatal environment may help to reduce stillbirths and infant deaths. However, the link between smoking and SIDS is not directional as the causes of SIDS are not yet known. Considering the possible consequences of smoking in pregnancy, it is important that midwives offer help and support to women and their families to encourage smoking cessation. NICE (2010) has recommended that midwives should breath test pregnant women for carbon monoxide levels at booking and antenatal appointments. However, this method may be unreliable as carbon monoxide levels fall quickly in expired breath, and therefore is likely to fail to observe carbon monoxide levels associated with low-levels of smoking. Furthermore, such a test may be considered invasive as some women may not want to disclose their smoking status or. Many women may also feel discouraged to attend antenatal appointments in fear of being judged by the midwife if they have not, or do not want to quit smoking. This may prevent midwives from promoting health if they do not get to speak to, support and educate the women during their antenatal visits. Alternatively, all smoking pregnant women should be given guidance and referred to NHS Stop Smoking Services (NICE 2010). Such services are designed to provide evidence-based non-judgemental support to people who want to stop smoking. It is the responsibility of the midwife to refer women to another practitioner if their health or wellbeing would benefit from doing so (NMC 2008). This may include referral to an especially trained midwife to support pregnant women in stopping smoking. This may enable women to see the same midwife regularly, enabling a midwife-woman relationship to be formed. Therefore women may feel a greater level of support provided by the midwife; increasing the likelihood of smoking cessation. Yet a shortage of midwives may prevent this and instead become a barrier to the further improvement of effective health promotion and smoking cessation services. Successful smoking cessation not only involves educating pregnant women, but their families too. Ashford et al (2009) suggested that it is significantly important that a womans partner and family are well educated by health professionals about the effects of second hand smoke to maintain a smoke-free home to prevent postpartum relapse rates. It is the responsibility of the midwife to ensure that the pregnant woman and her family are aware of the psychological and physical effects of passive smoking. In response to this, a midwife may offer information to women and her family regarding nicotine replacement therapy to encourage cessation. Smoking cessation advice given with the provision of nicotine replacement therapy is a typical intervention in relation to the prevention health education domain of the Tannahill model (Sykes 2007). For most smokers motivation to stop smoking is key. Yet for many women and their partners the presence or planning of a pregnancy is sufficient motivation (Heggie 2006). However, in practice, the midwife may not only provide information about the health benefits of smoking cessation, but the social and financial too. Financial savings can be large and seen quickly, a possible appealing factor to stopping smoking. Socially, women may be able re-build relationships with non-smoking friends; a good source of support to prevent smoking relapse (Heggie 2006). Considering time constraints which often cause a barrier to effective health promotion by the midwife, discussions related to smoking may be brief or an information overload. The midwife may use visual aids such as leaflets, pictures and tables may improve the likelihood that the information is understood, hopefully improving the likelihood that the woman would choose to quit smoking. When encouraging women to quit smoking, the midwi fe commonly uses educational and behaviour-change models, to inform and encourage women to improve their lifestyle for the benefit of her own and the health of her baby. It is equally important that midwives provide pregnant women with information on diet and nutrition as well as smoking in relation to promoting health. It is essential that a pregnant woman has a good nutritional intake, prior to conception and during pregnancy as the developing fetus requires basic nutritional substances for the development of vital structures and systems (Stables and Rankin, 2010). It is generally advised that pregnant women should consume a balanced diet, rich in fruit, vegetables, dairy and starchy carbohydrates. A poor nutritional intake can lead to deficiencies which can cause fetal deformities. An example of this is folic acid; a vitamin essential for the development of DNA and the nervous system. A deficiency of folic acid in early pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects such as spina bifida. During the first 4 weeks of pregnancy, the neural tube is developing, which is often before a woman realises she is pregnant. It would then be recommended to take folic acid as soon as possible, up until 12 weeks of pregnancy, as well as eating a range of foods rich in folic acid such as leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits and fortified cereals (Hunter et al, 2003). Similarly, vitamin D is also important during pregnancy. Women who are not regularly exposed to sunlight or do not eat fish nor dairy, may have a deficiency in vitamin D. Vitamin D assists with the absorption of calcium, essential for the formation of the developing bones and teeth of the fetus (Hunter et al, 2003). However, a randomised control trial conducted by Abdel-Aleem et al (2009) concluded that there are no noticeable effects on fetal or infant growth born to women who received calcium supplementation during pregnancy. Yet, it is difficult to generalise these findings to western cultures as participants were from eastern cultures such as India, South Africa and Vietnam. In contrast, women who over-eat are also at risk during pregnancy. Obesity is becoming an increasing problem for women within the UK. The NHS UK obesity statistics (2010) state that in 2008 25% of women aged 16 and aver were classed as obese. Pregnant women with a Body Mass Index of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤30 kg/m2 at the first antenatal consultation are considered obese (CMACE RCOG, 2010). In obesity, fatty deposits to build up within the arteries, causing blockages. This can cause hypertension, of which can increase the chances of preeclampsia; a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. OBrien et al (2003) found that the risk of preeclampsia doubled in women with a greater pre-pregnancy body mass index. In response to many findings suggesting that obesity has adverse effects on pregnancy, it may be concluded that pre-pregnancy healthy eating advice and weight loss programmes may be beneficial. Due to the extensive effects that diet can have on pregnancy, it is important that the midwife addresses the importance of a healthy diet to women in her care. It is essential that midwives consider a womans lifestyle in relation to her diet. Many women may have a busy lifestyle where they are unable to regularly exercise and prepare meals with fresh ingredients; possibly a contributing factor of obesity. The Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries and The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2010) released guidelines in relation to the management of women with obesity in pregnancy. This allows specific guidelines for midwives to follow to provide extra support for women with obesity. Even though the guidelines focus on pregnant women with a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m2, the recommendations can be adapted for women whose body mass index is just below this obesity threshold if considered beneficial. The midwife should spend time during the booking interview to explaining the importance of specific nutrients in relation to her own and her babys health. NICE (2008) suggests that all pregnant women should be advised of the importance of folic acid supplementation prior to and during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. All women should also be informed about where to get folic acid, which foods contain folic acid, and the recommended daily dose of 400 micrograms per day to prevent less-educated women from not accessing the supplement. Supplementation of pre-pregnancy folic acid is an example of the prevention of ill-health and disease domain of the Tannahils model that occurs in practice (Bowden 2006). Also, it is important a midwife explains which foods should be avoided and why. However, women may choose not to eat nutrient-rich foods because they do not like them. In response, a midwife should provide information on practice alternatives and changes to encourage a healthier diet. Again, this is an example of the behaviour-change and educational models in practice. However, some suggestions may be costly, for example, increasing fruit and vegetable intake or extra nutritional supplements. Hence the midwife should have an up-to-date knowledge of financial benefits that pregnant women can claim, to prevent less economically advantaged women in from being disadvantaged. Again, time restraints may be a barrier to providing health related information to enable women to make informed choices about their diet. Therefore the midwives communication must be effective to ensure that women understand the information. It is part of a midwives role to communicate effectively (NMC 2008). More than one form of communication is more effective in increasing understanding, than only using one (Kerr et al, 2005). In practice, the midwife may therefore discuss a nutritional need then provide leaflets and web addresses with references so women can access further information to enable their informed choice. In addition, during booking, the midwife provides a free copy of the pregnancy book to every woman. The book aims to provide extra information and support for expectant mums and partners, Different aspects of pregnancy are explained to optimise the health and wellbeing of the mother and baby. NICE (2008) states that all pregnant women should receive information regarding the importance of their own and their babys health during the booking interview and antenatal appointments. Often this includes discussing the womans smoking status, diet and the environment which effects this. This includes assessing a women and her baby, providing up to date and accurate information in relation to their health, and if necessary referral to other health related services. The midwife is responsible for updating her own knowledge and skills to ensure that women receive the most up to date care and information. When delivering effective care, the midwife must ensure that she treats each woman as an individual, with respect, dignity, and kindness to enable women to trust her midwife with her health and wellbeing (NMC 2008). In conclusion, the midwife has a vital role in promoting health in relation to smoking and diet. Smoking and a poor diet during pregnancy can have serious adverse effects on the mother and baby. Often the main point of contact during pregnancy, the midwife provides essential information and support to women and her family with the health of the mother and baby at heart. By adhering to rules, standards and guidelines the midwife can ensure that the care provided is of the highest standard. Midwives understand that each woman is an individual and her needs are assessed on an individual basis, with a non-judgemental, caring nature. It is essential that a midwife fulfils her role in promoting a balanced, healthy diet and lifestyle prior to and during pregnancy to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy outcome. Word count: 2839

Asian Society Lived Experience And Asian Food History Essay

Asian Society Lived Experience And Asian Food History Essay Asian society is comprised of the broad range of land, different weather and geographical environment has resulted in the different food accordingly, in the mean time, the development of the Asian countries has placed the serious effect on the constitution of local food as well. And it provides a series of lived experience of the society through the food as well. In the following section, the reflection on the lived experience from the food would be described in detail. In first section, it is mainly focus on the eastern Asian countries such as China, Japan and Korea, and then the south Asia and South Asia has been analyzed with the typical countries such as India and Thailand, furthermore, the Meddle Asian country such as Kazakhstan has been described, in the end, the western Asian country and Arab country such as Turkey and Saudi has been discussed as the typical representative to be discussed. Main section In China, the people in North China prefer to each noodle, the people in South China prefers to eat rice. It is linked deeply with the different geography environment in China (Tang and Fong, 2004). The boundary line between North China and South China is the Huai River and Qinling Mountains, in the South of the area, the weather is relatively warm and rains much, it is appropriate to cultivate rice, and in the North of the area, the weather is relative cold and dry, they have to cultivate the wheat which need little water and cold-resistant. In the daily life, people in the South area would prepare the dish and eat rice with the dish, but in North of China, they usually make the food with wheat flour and eat directly without dish. In China, with the development of the daily life level, people not only focus on the obtainment on the energy, but also the dish appearance as well as the dinner atmosphere (Halbrendt, 1994). Take radish for example, either the red radish or the white radish, the different shape would created, and different name would be created, even it can be decorated in the upper class dinner as well, in other words, it has reflected the rich life experience of the people as well. With the food cultural development, the dinner in China has been requested on the strict requirement, even the color, flavor and taste has been requested further. Even the dinner has the further development on the dish name, taste pattern, entertainment during the dinner. It is confirmed that the name of the dish has reflected the historical experience, such as Dongpo meat, it is said that it is the favorite food by the famous poem poet in Song dynasty-Su Dongpo. In Japan, the dish can be named as Japanese Cooking, the cooking style is very special. In fact, it is descended from the Chinese food. Japanese food is comprised of rice, Japanese soup and seasonal vegetable. The same as China, Japan food is focus on the dish shape as well, probably the taste is very common, but the shape of dish would easily inspire the appetite. Japan is the island country, the warm weather and typical season has enriched the seafood. In the daily life of Japan, they are interested in the peaceful and simple life, in the dish, they manage to put less oil in the dish in order to foster the insipidity food. In the mean time, the humility and harmony is the main rhythm in the daily life. Thus they would not like to slaughter the big dumb in order to save the animal life, and the little plain is difficult to cultivate dumb in large quantity. Thus the beef and pork is not the key food before 1950s (Novotny and Boushey, 2003). Generally speaking, the food culture in Japan has been affected by the Chinese culture deeply, they are focus on the family dinner in the weekend, and the family members would sit behind the big table, the soup is also packed in the big bowl, and decorated with sushi and sashimi, the dish would be usually prepared by the females, which reflects the social status of the females in Japan society. But in the recent years, the family dinner preparation has been reduced gradually, in the one hand, the western fact food culture has placed the serious effect on Japan society, more and more Japanese has become interested in the fast food from the western countries, it is linked deeply with the quickened life rhythm in Japan, the other aspect is that with the development of Japan economy and the aging population, it requires more people to finish the task in fluency, more and more females in Japanese family has gone out of the home and contributes to Japanese economy. Thus they would not have more relaxed time to prepare the delicious food for the family all the time. Korea has been under the agricultural society for a long time. Thus their main food is the rice. And the country is near the sea, fish is the main food for Korea as well. Pickled vegetable, Hoisin and Soybean paste are the typical ferment food, which is for the nutrition value and special odor (Beghin and Park, 2003). The pickle vegetable in Korea is famous in the world. In the earlier time, the economy in Korea is not very developed, the society is the agricultural society at the time, due to the poor technology of agriculture and the limited land resources, the people in Korea cannot have enough food after their hard work on the land. They have to adopt the more economic way to save the limited food. And the pickled vegetable is just appropriate for their daily life. The pickled vegetable is mainly the cabbage, they wash it clearly and pickle it with the salt, and then put it into one big tank, and the cabbage would be able to storage for several months, they usually consider it as the important food when they last the time of food shortage. After the years descendent, the daily life of Korea have been improved greatly, they would not be afraid of food shortage any more, but the pickled vegetable has become the delicious food in the table of Korea. In addition, the people in Korea are very focus on the traditional family. They usually hold the large size family dinner party in order to emphasis the sense of family. Probably the family members would be consisted of grandparents, parents, aunts, uncles, brothers and sisters. The females in the family would positively take the private traditional delicious food on the table to be spilt to other family member in order to link the positive family emotions well. Even in Korea society, the government would also make measures to encourage the people who cooked well, for example, one famous TV play named Da ChangJIn has described the story that one female from the very poor family has worked very hard on the cooking, in the end, she has been approved by the Korea government and been prized for the top honor, in some sense, it has reflected the food culture of Korea as well. In Thailand, the country is near the sea and in the tropic zone, the broad plain is rich in rice, vegetable and coco, the endless sea line has brought a lot of seafood for Thailand, thus Thailand food is consisted of seafood, fruit and vegetable. It is focus on the taste, it is the rich flour with the pepper, garlic, caraway, curcuma, lemon-glass, coconut and other plant from the tropic zone, the rich flour is linked with the Thailand food would be extended into more types of Thailand special food. The Thailand Soup, Garlic and toast are the representative food of Thailand. The key food is the rice in Thailand, and decorated with the garlic, fish or soup. They usually use the sword and fork to get the food, the local specialties such as seasonal fruit or snack made from flour, egg, coco milk and palm sugar. One special snack is the stew, in Thailand, the lemon shrimp soup is the positive food to maintain the family harmony as well as the couple emotion, the females in the family woul d be proud of preparing the delicious stew for the husband. Thailand s not good at utilize china, thus in the earlier time, the people in Thailand would like to pack the rice with the local plantain leaf, and obtain the food with the hand directly, the traditional dinner pattern in Thailand has not much tools. Till now, the dish wares in Thailand is still very simple, it is comprised of soup spoon, chopstick and a plate, in some sense, the dinner patterns has been affected by China as well, but the taste is much different from China, in fact, the local special taste of food has attracted a lot of customers in the world. The middle Asian food is popular in the five countries in middle Asia. Kazakhstan is famous on the mixed noodle, toast, horse meat, horse milk and so on. Uzbekistan owns toast and fruits. Kazakhstan owns toast fish and types of milk bean curd. Kyrgyzstan is the typical middle Asian country in the Asian area. The country is mainly comprised of mountain and grassland, the agricultural and pastoral is developed. Thus a lot of live stock has enriched their food, the milk from the animals is their main drink such as purified yoghurt and yoghurt cheese. The horse meat, beef, camel meat is their main food. Considering that the local handicraft industry is not developed in the past time, they have no technology to produce iron tools, thus till now their stewed meat has still deserved the traditional way, they usually killed the horse at first, and then break it down, and the iron pan is the boiled water, the bone would be put into the iron pan at first, the bunch of meat would put into the i ron later, people would sit in a circle to enjoy the meat in the pan. It is the very typical life experience in the society of Kyrgyzstan. In India, people would like to adopt the flavor as the decoration, even they has applied the flavor into the dish as well, which is one special on the Indian food (Derrickson, Fisher and Anderson, 2000). Considering that peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s preference on the flavor is different, thus the flavor ratio in the dish is different accordingly. And it is the Hinduism popular country, a series of religion custom has placed the serious effect on the Indian food (Adhikari, 2000). The cow is considered as the holy animal in India, they would not eat any food with the beef, in addition, Moslem would not allow the drink with any alcohol. The food is linked deeply with the religion in India, which is the greatest characteristic in India (Hamlett, Bailey, Alexander and Shaw, 2008). In addition, the hot weather in India has requested the food hot flavor. A lot of garlic would be use into the rich and dish in order to encourage the appetite under the hot weather. Since that the excessive restri ction on the meat in religion, the mead cooking in India is not developed, and not to be the key dish as well, the vegetable with the garlic is the market of Indian food (Joshi and Lamb, 2000). For Turkey, the special geographical location has decided the food has mixed the oriental food an d western food. The historical empire in Turkey has included the western Asia, North Africa and South Europe, the huge land area has mixed the variety of food and gradually become the special food culture in Turkey. And the local resident is comprised of Christ, Islam and so on. The intricate nation and broad land areas in the past time has provided the enough room to cultivate the local food culture. The people from the oriental countries has enriched the dinner with rice and noodle, the people from the western countries has enriched the dinner with cheese and bread, even the people from the nomadism had brought the fresh milk, the rich types of plant and descended palace cooking from the empire time has placed the deep effect on the Turkey cooking. The dish usually includes the cereal food with soy sauce, vegetables, meat soup and olive. Their breakfast is similar with the western coun tries due to the cultural effect. They usually adopt the cheese, bread and fresh fruit such as olive or tomato as the food, in noon, they prefer the stew and salad, and in the evening, the dinner is very grand, most of time the family member would sit together to have the dinner in order to increase the family emotion. And more dishes would be enriched in the dinner as well, a lot of appetite snack and delicious fruit would be prepared and the tea would be adopted as the drink, in fact, the people in Turkey is good at enjoying the life. The intricate area distribution had made the food very diversified, the fresh fish from the Mediterranean is thanks to the hard work of fisher, and the delicious grape juice is the favorite drink which is cultivated in the plain of Turkey. The Turkey hamburger with the meat is from the grassland of Turkey. In other words, western sea line has constitutes the daily life of fisher, and the plain near the sea had resulted in the daily life of famers, the north grass land has confirmed the daily life of herder, the intricate environment has enriched the Turkey food. Saudi Arab is the typical countries in the western Asia, desert, torridity, gale wind and drought has been comprised of the local environment (Palaniswamy, 2001). It places the important impact on the rough and open characteristic of the people in Saudi. Their food is simple as well. The desert and black tea is their favorite. The poor geographical environment has requested the local people to prefer the food with less water, because Saudi is the country with little drink water, thus the Arab big bread cake is the main food in Saudi, it is toasted by the special stove, and the price is cheap, thus most of Arab families prefer it as the important food (Musaiger and Abuirmeileh, 1998). Conclusion After the serious discussion in the section above, it is confirmed that Asian food is diversifies, and the lived experience of Asian countries is different as well. Different countries lived experience can be reflected from local food as well. Based on the section, the geographical gap has made the countries constitutes the local special food culture. The Confucianists culture and religion culture had put the different food culture on the society. It is confirmed that China, Japan and Koreas is much different from India, Turkey and Saudi on the item. But different food in these countries has just reflected their real lived experience of the society, it would be highly beneficial to make they further research on Asian culture as well.

Bandwidth :: essays research papers

Computers store all information as binary numbers. The binary number system uses two binary digits, 0 and 1, which are called bits. The amount of data that a computer network can transfer in a certain amount of time is called the bandwidth of the network and is measured in kilobits per second (kbps) or megabits per second (mbps). A kilobit is 1 thousand bits; a megabit is 1 million bits. A dial-up telephone modem can transfer data at rates up to 56 kbps; DSL and cable modem connections are much faster and can transfer at several mbps. The Internet connections used by businesses often operate at 155 mbps, and connections between routers in the heart of the Internet may operate at rates from 2,488 to 9,953 mbps (9.953 gigabits per second) The terms wideband or broadband are used to characterize networks with high capacity and to distinguish them from narrowband networks, which have low capacity. Research on dividing information into packets and switching them from computer to computer began in the 1960s. The U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded a research project that created a packet switching network known as the ARPANET. ARPA also funded research projects that produced two satellite networks. In the 1970s ARPA was faced with a dilemma: Each of its networks had advantages for some situations, but each network was incompatible with the others. ARPA focused research on ways that networks could be interconnected, and the Internet was envisioned and created to be an interconnection of networks that use TCP/IP protocols. In the early 1980s a group of academic computer scientists formed the Computer Science NETwork, which used TCP/IP protocols. Other government agencies extended the role of TCP/IP by applying it to their networks: The Department of Energy's Magnetic Fusion Energy Network (MFENet), the High Energy Physics NETwork (HEPNET), and the National Science Foundation NETwork (NSFNET). In the 1980s, as large commercial companies began to use TCP/IP to build private internets, ARPA investigated transmission of multimedia—audio, video, and graphics—across the Internet. Other groups investigated hypertext and created tools such as Gopher that allowed users to browse menus, which are lists of possible options. In 1989 many of these technologies were combined to create the World Wide Web.

The Driving Age :: essays research papers

Many teens are interested in being able to drive at a younger age, but it is still unclear if they are able to handle it. If the legal driving age is lowered, are we endangering the lives of teen drivers, as well as the passengers with them? I believe most people want to drive as soon as they can. However, recently the government has been trying to pass laws that may change the current driving age of 16. There are positive and negative aspects to changing the laws that allow the driving age to stay at 16.There have been new bills being proposed that mite be passed. â€Å"The Minister for Urban Services has introduced a Bill (proposed law) into the Assembly. He wants to amend the Road Transport (Driver Licensing) Act 2000. The new Bill is called the Driving Age Amendment Bill. This Bill is intended to raise the age at which people can apply for a learner’s permit and driver’s license.† (Legislative Assembly). This bill will raise the driving age if it is passed b ut the aspects of what will happen should be considered before we change it. There are many different reasons why we should keep it at 16. First off it’s a good working system that we have followed for a long time. Another good reason that helps this concept is that the teenagers are still in school so it’s easier for them to take drivers training. If there are more drivers that ultimately mean that more people will be paying for insurance. There are also the reasons why we should change it from 16. Like for instances most 16 year olds aren’t responsible enough to drive. â€Å"The facts show that younger drivers (those between ages 16 and 25) receive more citations, are more likely to have their driving privilege suspended, and are responsible for more accidents than drivers in any other age group.† (Dr. Steven Evans). Another reason is that it’s a high cost own a car when they are making so little money. If we were to raise the driving age it would most likely be changed to 18. The best reasons for raising it to 18 would probably be that they are more responsible. â€Å"Children are not equipped to handle these vehicles, which are hard for even an experienced, adult driver to handle.† (Ron Shaffer) They have More money because of there jobs and if you go away from home you need a license.

Ethical Implications Essay

The Code of Ethics for Nurses clearly states that nurses are prohibited to participate in assisted suicide and euthanasia, it is ethically unacceptable. But Nurses are often in the best position to discuss end-of-life issues, they play a vital role in end-of-life care by advocating for their patients wishes and maintaining quality symptom management and support (Ignatavicius & Workman 2010). Euthanasia is legal in four states in the United States, these states are Oregano, Washington, Montana and Vermont. Terminally ill patients are able to request lethal medications under law. Most of these states require that the patients make two verbal request that are 15 days apart and also another request in writing with a witness. In Montana the law also states that the life expectancy of the patient has to be less than six months. Also the patient must be a resident in the state that he/she wants to precipitate in euthanasia ( New Health Guide n.d). In the case of Terry Schiavo, she had no living will in place, her wishes were unclear and the family was forced to stop her tube feedings and let her die. The nurse’s role in this situation would be to be there to support the family, providing resources and making sure the patient dies a peaceful death. The stake holders in this scenario are the physicians, did they make the right diagnosis and decision, the family who lost a beloved member of their family, and also the society as a whole, it was a very well published case and raised questions regarding if the decision was ethically right. In the scenario of Dax Cowart and Robert Burt, Dax was involved in a gas explosion that left him blinded and disabled. He wanted to stop all his agonizing treatments and die, even though he was competent, he was unable to refuse his treatments. In this situation nurses are obligated to give a competent patient the right to refuse treatment and respect the decision their patients make. The stakeholders in this scenario is the patient Dax who had to suffer through 15 months of treatment, and the doctors who went against his decision. Ignatavicius, D. D., & Workman, M. L. (2010). Medical-surgical nursing: Patient-centered collaborative care (6th ed.). St Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. New Health Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2014, from http://www.newhealthguide.org/Where-Is-Euthanasia-Legal.html Purtilo, R., & Doherty, R. (2011). Ethical Dimensions in the Health Professions, 5th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved from http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/books/978-1-4377-0896-7/id/B9781437708967000230 c0014 Euthanasia Ethics. (2014, September 26). Retrieved December 14, 2014 from http://www.euthanasiaethics.com/

Overview Of The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry Economics Essay

Indian Pharmaceutical Industry The pharmaceutical industry in India is among the most extremely organized sectors. This industry plays an of import function in advancing and prolonging development in the field of planetary medical specialty. Due to the presence of low cost fabrication installations, educated and skilled work force and inexpensive labour force among others, the industry is set to scale new highs in the Fieldss of production, development, fabrication and research. In 2008, the domestic drug company market in India was expected to be US $ 10.76 billion and this is likely to increase at a compound one-year growing rate of 9.9 per cent until 2010 and later at 9.5 per cent boulder clay the twelvemonth 2015. Industry Tendencies aˆ?The drug company industry by and large grows at about 1.5-1.6 times the Gross Domestic Product growing aˆ?Globally, India ranks 3rd in footings of fabricating drug company merchandises by volume aˆ?The Indian pharmaceutical industry is expected to turn at a rate of 9.9 % boulder clay 2010 and after that 9.5 % boulder clay 2015 aˆ?In 2007-08, India exported drugs deserving US $ 7.2 billion in to the US and Europe followed by Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin America aˆ?The Indian vaccinum market which was deserving US $ 665 million in 2007-08 is turning at a rate of more than 20 % aˆ?The retail pharmaceutical market in India is expected to traverse US $ 12-13 billion by 2012 aˆ?The Indian drug and pharmaceuticals section received foreign direct investing to the melody of US $ 1.43 billion from April 2000 to December 2008 Challenges Every industry has its ain sets of advantages and disadvantages under which they have to work ; the pharmaceutical industry is no exclusion to this. Some of the challenges the industry faces are: aˆ?Regulatory obstructions aˆ?Lack of proper substructure aˆ?Lack of qualified professionals aˆ?Expensive research equipments aˆ?Lack of academic coaction aˆ?Underdeveloped molecular find plan aˆ?Divide between the industry and survey course of study Drug company Companies in IndiaDishman Pharmaceuticals, Elder Pharmaceuticals, J B Pharmaceuticals, Torrent Pharmaceuticals, Sun Pharmaceuticals, Ranbaxy India, Cadila Pharmaceutical Limited, Wockhardt, Strides Arcolab, IPCA Laboratories, Alembic, Amrutanjan, Virchow Laboratories, Polydrug, Laboratories, Dr. Reddy ‘s Laboratories, Aurobindo Pharma, Jubilant Organosys, Astrazeneca Pharma, Divis Laboratories, Merck Ltd. , Astrazen Pharma, , Abbott India, Aventis Pharma Limited, Glenmark, Pharmaceutical Ltd. , Clarion Drugs, Blue Cross Laboratories, Intas Pharmaceuticals Limited, Lincoln Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Matrix Laboratories Government Enterprises The authorities of India has undertaken several including policy enterprises and revenue enhancement interruptions for the growing of the pharmaceutical concern in India. Some of the steps adopted are: aˆ?Pharmaceutical units are eligible for leaden revenue enhancement decrease at 150 % for the research and development outgo obtained. aˆ?Two new strategies viz. , New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative and the Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Research Program have been launched by the Government. aˆ?The Government is contemplating the creative activity of SRV or particular purpose vehicles with an insurance screen to be used for funding new drug research aˆ?The Department of Pharmaceuticals is chew overing the creative activity of drug research installations which can be used by private companies for research work on rent Pharma Export In the recent old ages, despite the lag witnessed in the planetary economic system, exports from the pharmaceutical industry in India have shown good perkiness in growing. Export has become an of import drive force for growing in this industry with more than 50 % gross coming from the abroad markets. For the fiscal twelvemonth 2008-09 the export of drugs is estimated to be $ 8.25 billion as per the Pharmaceutical Export Council of India, which is an organisation, set up by the Government of India. A study undertaken by FICCI, the oldest industry chamber in India has predicted 16 % growing in the export of India ‘s pharmaceutical growing during 2009-2010. Key participants in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry There are several national and international pharmaceutical companies that operate in India. Most of the state ‘s demands for pharmaceutical merchandises are met by these companies. Some of them are briefly described below: aˆ?Ranbaxy Labs Limited is the biggest pharmaceutical fabrication company in India. The company is ranked at the 8th place among the planetary generic pharmaceutical companies and has presence in 48 states including universe category fabrication installations in 10 states and serves to clients from over 125 states. Ranbaxy Laboratories 2009-2010 Q3 Net Net income Results showed a net income of Rs 116.6 crore as compared to Rs 394.5 crore shortage, recorded during the corresponding period last financial. aˆ?Dr. Reddy ‘s Laboratories industries and markets a broad scope of pharmaceuticals both in India and abroad. The company has 60 active pharmaceutical ingredients to fabricate drugs, critical attention merchandises, diagnostic kits and biotechnology merchandises. The company has 6 FDA workss that produce active drug company ingredients and 7 FDA inspected and ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified workss. Dr. Reddy ‘s Q1 FY10 consequence shows the grosss of the company at Rs. 18,189 million which is up by 21 % . During this one-fourth the company introduced 24 new generic merchandises, applied for 22 new generic merchandise enrollments and filed 4 DMFs. aˆ?Cipla is an Indian pharmaceutical company renowned for the industry of low cost anti AIDS drugs. The company ‘s merchandise scope comprises of vermifuges, oncology, anti-bacterials, cardiovascular drugs, antibiotics, nutritionary addendums, anti-ulcerants, anti-asthmatics and corticoids. Cipla besides offers other services like quality control, technology, undertaking assessment, works supply, consulting, commissioning and know-how transportation, support. For the fiscal twelvemonth 2008-09 the company registered an addition of 22 % in gross revenues and other income over the old twelvemonth. aˆ?Nicholas Piramal is the 2nd largest pharmaceutical health care company in India. The trade names manufactured by the company include Gardenal, Ismo, Stemetil, Rejoint, Supradyn, Phensedyl and Haemaccel. Nicholas Piramal has entered into join ventures and confederations with several international corporations like Cheissi, Italy ; IVAX Corp ; UK, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Allergan Inc. , USA etc. aˆ?Glaxo Smithkline ( GSK ) is a United Kingdom based pharma company ; it is the universe ‘s 2nd largest pharmaceutical company. The company ‘s portfolio of drug company merchandises consist of cardinal nervous system, respiratory, oncology, vaccinums, anti-infectives and gastro-intestinal/metabolic merchandises among others. On November 2009, the FDA had announced that the H1N1 vaccinum manufactured by GSK would fall in the list of the four vaccinums approved. aˆ?Zydus Cadila besides known as Cadila Healthcare is an Indian pharmaceutical company located in Gujarat. The company ‘s 1QFY2010 consequences show the net gross revenues at Rs880.3cr which is higher than the estimated Rs773cr. The net net income was Rs124.8cr which was addition of 39 % ; the addition was on history of higher gross revenues and betterment in the OPM. India ‘s Domestic Pharmaceutical Market ( 12 Months Ended January 2009 ) Company Size ( $ Billion ) Market Share ( % ) Growth Rate ( % ) Entire Pharma Market 6.9 100.0 9.9 Cipla.36 5.3 13.4 Ranbaxy.34 5.0 11.5 Glaxo Smithkline.29 4.3 -1.2 Piramal Healthcare.27 3.9 11.7 Zydus Cadila.24 3.6 6.8 Beginning: ORG IMS Future Scenario With several companies slated to do investings in India, the hereafter scenario of the pharmaceutical industry in looks pretty promising. The state ‘s pharmaceutical industry has enormous potency of growing sing all the undertakings that are in the grapevine. Some of the future enterprises are: aˆ?According to a survey by FICCI-Ernst & A ; Young India will open a likely US $ 8 billion market for MNCs selling expensive drugs by 2015 aˆ?The survey besides says that the domestic drug company market is likely to make US $ 20 billion by 2015 aˆ?The Minister of Commerce estimations that US $ 6.31 billion will be invested in the domestic pharmaceutical sector aˆ?Public disbursement on health care is likely to raise from 7 per cent of GDP in 2007 to 13 per cent of GDP by 2015 aˆ?Dr Reddy ‘s Laboratories has tied up with GlaxoSmithKline to develop and market generics and preparations in upcoming markets overseas aˆ?Lupin, a Mumbai based pharmaceutical company is looking to tap chances of about US $ 200 million in the US unwritten preventives market aˆ?Due to the low cost of R & A ; D, the Indian pharmaceutical off-shoring industry is designated to turn out to be a US $ 2.5 billion chance by 2012 Expectation From Budget 2010- Health & A ; Pharmaceutical Industry February 24, 2010- Budget intelligence on budget outlooks by wellness sector of India The Finance Minister of India is merely two yearss off from 26th February, 2010 when he will show the Union Budget 2010-11. This is a really of import fiscal papers for all the sectors of India as it will find how the public presentation of assorted industries is to be financially and otherwise supported by the Government of India. In the budgets of past old ages, high allotments had been made to the flagship programmes of the authorities that includes national wellness excessively among others. The wellness industry that includes natural wellness sector every bit good as pharmaceutical industry of India has high budget outlooks from the Union Budget 10-11 as it hopes for proclamations of believable stairss to be taken to better the quality of public outgo on wellness sector. Issues such as wellness, HIV AIDS, poorness relief, sanitation undertakings, H2O planning and development undertakings, should go on to stay high precedence points on the budget for improved supports and overall development. aˆ?Currently the wellness related in-house R & A ; D disbursals enjoy 150 % leaden tax write-off that should be extended to disbursals on outsourced surveies such as clinical tests and specific research lab surveies. Besides the leaden tax write-off should be raised from 150 % to 200 % . aˆ?On lines of the developed economic systems, the construct of research revenue enhancement credits to countervail future revenue enhancement liability should be introduced. aˆ?State excise responsibility on certain preparations should be brought down from the present 16 % to 8 % . aˆ?Allocation for the National Rural Health Mission should be increased well. aˆ?Excise responsibilities should non be applicable to all indispensable drugs. aˆ?Tax freedom for export oriented units should be extended and the place of new direct revenue enhancement codification on particular economic zones should be made clear. aˆ?Healthcare installations like medical specialties and life salvaging drugs, trained medical forces and physicians, installations for diagnosing of of import diseases and complaints should be extended to the rural India on a precedence footing. aˆ?The wellness industry has many outlooks from Budget 2010 sing subsidies and revenue enhancement inducements on assorted indispensable merchandises such as life salvaging drugs, equipments for diagnostic intents etc. aˆ?Tax freedoms should be given to bing infirmaries and wellness establishments so that more and more infirmaries and wellness establishments in rural countries can be established. aˆ?Keeping in position the long gestation period, the revenue enhancement vacation provided to infirmaries set-up in rural countries should be extended from 5 old ages to 10 old ages. aˆ?The ordinances such as transportation pricing, imposts rating and drug pricing that are like acrimonious experiences for the pharmaceutical companies should be rationalized along with early nidation of Advance pricing understandings and safe seaport regulations. aˆ?Pharmaceutical companies should be allowed for claim of outgo on a self enfranchisement footing or on specified paperss such as CA certificate so that conformity of the jurisprudence is done in hassle free mode. aˆ?In order to cut down the overall cost of intervention of patients, the list of life salvaging drugs eligible for imposts duty freedoms should be extended and the responsibility on medical devices should be reduced. aˆ?Value Added Tax ( VAT ) on medical specialties should be rationalized across provinces with specific freedom of life salvaging drugs and life salvaging medical equipment. aˆ?Drug makers who are non into exports face the issue of accretion of Cenvat recognition in the books due to the difference in the responsibility construction of APIs and FDFs. Measures should be taken for this as there are no commissariats to retrieve the accumulated Cenvat recognition, which finally becomes a cost to such makers.Budget 2010 – Expectations of drug company industryHitesh SharmaThe last budget being impersonal, the Indian pharmaceutical industry has drawn its unfinished docket with the hope that Budget 2010 would turn out to be a redress for the industry. Industry believes that its wish list has a virtue for consideration in this budget as some of these points have non been covered in the aforesaid at hand statute laws.Research revenue enhancement creditsDrying grapevine of new drugs, increased R & A ; D outgo and increased force per unit area in the developed states to convey the wellness attention costs down has compelled MNCs to offshore R & A ; D farth er. While India is perceived as an attractive finish to outsource R & A ; D work due to its low cost and high quality capablenesss, to set India in a prima place, there is a demand to supply drift to such activities in the signifier of revenue enhancement and financial benefits. While presently, weighted revenue enhancement benefit is available for in-house R & A ; D, there are no specific benefits available to units engaged in the concern of R & A ; D. In this respect, the Government can play its function by supplying benefits to units engaged in the concern of R & A ; D by manner of tax write-off from net incomes linked to investings. Further, benefits in the signifier of research revenue enhancement credits, which can be used to countervail future revenue enhancement liability, similar to those given in developed economic systems can besides be considered.Include disbursals related to research done outside R & A ; D labThe Indian drug company infinite has witnessed multiple advan ced moves that have strengthened their ability to do it large in the discovery/R & A ; D infinite. These Indian companies incur immense outgo on abroad tests, readyings of dossiers, consulting/legal fees for NCE ( New Chemicals Entities ) and ANDA ( Abbreviated New Drug Applications ) filings with the US FDA. Besides there is a important sum of legal costs incurred in supporting the patents and merchandises. While presently, leaden tax write-off is available for outgo on in-house R & A ; D installation, the commissariats do non stipulate that the outgo incurred outside the R & A ; D units are eligible for leaden tax write-off. Consequently, industry organic structures have sought the inclusion of outgo minor expense to research carried outside R & A ; D installation in India or in any foreign state, within the scope of leaden tax write-off.Extend revenue enhancement vacation to infirmaries beyond rural countriesThe quality and low cost advantage has boosted the medical touristry in India. Industry study suggests that about 150,000 medical tourer visit India every twelvemonth. Further, medical touristry to India is expected to convey gross of $ 2 billion by 2012. In order to capitalize on the chance and to beef up the place of India as a low cost wellness attention tourer finish, there is a greater demand to set-up more and more province of the art wellness attention installations. Even otherwise, there is a clear instance of augmenting wellness attention system in India. Given that big portion of investing would necessitate to be contributed by private sector, the Government can play its function by supplying financial benefits and widening the bing revenue enhancement vacation to infirmaries set up beyond the rural countries.Subsidy for rural health care substructureSpecifically with respect to rural and semi-urban countries, several companies have taken the enterprise to construct the supply concatenation substructure and develop specific merchandises â€⠀ these stairss are non easy and carry immense investings. To advance the development of these countries and have better entree to healthcare installations, the Government, in add-on to its ain plans, should back up the private sector every bit good — this could be in the signifier of subsidy, sharing substructure with private sector, revenue enhancement inducements and so on.Rationalise appraisal processAs per the industry pattern, Pharma companies reach out to patients through physicians by supplying free samples of drugs to physicians and incur other promotional outgo on seminars and so on for instruction of physicians. This creates consciousness about the drugs and finally helps in hiking the gross revenues of the companies. During the class of assessment proceedings, the gross governments frequently challenge the promotional information and ask for voluminous paperss which are cumbersome to supply. They besides frequently deny revenue enhancement tax write-off on an ad- hoc footing. In this respect, the Government can apologize the commissariats by supplying for claim of outgo on a self enfranchisement footing or on the footing of specified paperss such as CA certification and so on.Harmonize pricing ordinancesTransportation pricing is another country necessitating particular attending for pharmaceuticals industry. While transportation pricing ordinances expect companies covering in active pharmaceuticals ingredients ( APIs ) /finished drug preparations ( FDFs ) imported from related parties to keep higher borders, Drugs Prices Control Order ( DPCO ) places limitations on the terminal merchandising monetary value. Equally customs ordinances create a rearward force per unit area by seeking to look into any undervaluation of imported APIs/ FDFs. There is a clear instance to being in harmoniousness in transportation pricing, imposts and DPCO ordinances. Other issues which pharma companies face is comparing of monetary values of innovator/ research ori ented companies with generic companies without taking awareness of quality and efficaciousness. This causes important adversity for pioneers companies who spend important costs on research. There is an immediate demand to turn to these issues every bit good. Besides, while it is proposed that Advance Pricing Agreements ( APAs ) and safe seaport regulations would be introduced, it needs to be expedited.Extend list of life salvaging drugsOn the indirect revenue enhancement forepart, the Government can look at widening the list of life salvaging drugs, which are eligible for imposts duty freedoms in India. This will take to handiness of life salvaging drugs to the patients at decreased monetary values and conveying down the cost of intervention for these complaints. Further, it could besides see cut downing the responsibility on medical devices which would take to overall decrease in the cost of intervention of patients. Besides, Government could see cut downing basic usage responsibil ity for preparations to five per centum in line with the Chelliah Committee ‘s long-run financial policy recommendation.Rationalise responsibility constructionThe levy of excise responsibility on API at eight per centum and on end product of four per centum has led to accretion of Cenvat recognition in the books of makers, particularly those who are non engaged in exports and cater merely to the domestic market. Further, there are no commissariats to retrieve the accumulated Cenvat recognition, which becomes a cost to such pharma makers. The Government could see rationalizing the responsibility construction by doing it at par with responsibility on concluding end product. Another demand has been to increase the abatement bound allowed for calculation of excise responsibility on medicines, from 35 to 45 per centum. Further, industry has sought rationalization of Value Added Tax ( VAT ) on medical specialties across provinces with specific freedom of life salvaging drugs and lif e salvaging medical devices. In a nutshell, while the planetary developments have led to exciting chances for Indian drug company industry, it is one time once more in hunt of support from the Government to tap the same. On the other manus, the Government is doing advancement in conveying two major revenue enhancement reforms, ie direct revenue enhancement codification, and goods and services revenue enhancement ; they carry an implicit in docket of conveying revenue enhancement reforms, simplification of processs and minimization of revenue enhancement inducements. Given that the Government intends to implement these statute laws in the close hereafter, it appears that it may non convey in any major alterations in this budget. Union budget2010-2011 Budget 2010: Hits & A ; girls for Pharmaceutical industry Excise responsibility on goods covered under the Medicinal and Toiletries Preparation Act, 1955 ( ‘MTPA ‘ – applicable to medical specialties and toilet articless holding intoxicant content ) is reduced from 16 to 10 per centum to convey it at par with standard CENVAT rate. The rate of suspension on covered lavatory readyings has besides been revised from 40 to 35 per centum. Further, the jurisprudence is being amended to supply that the Maximum Retail Price ( MRP ) less applicable suspension would be considered for bear downing Countervailing responsibility ( CVD ) for covered imported goods. There has been rationalization in the import responsibility rate construction for the medical devices section, whereby multiplicity of rates have been done off with and the basic imposts responsibility rate has been reduced to 5 from 7.5 per centum. The levy of Particular CVD @ 4 % has besides been withdrawn, whereas in certain specific instances, such as life salvaging medical equipments ( non imported for personal usage ) , available freedoms have been withdrawn. However, on an overall footing, this move is likely to cut down the cost of intervention for patients and hike medical devices industry. The budget proposal exempts import of pre-packaged goods intended for retail sale, which are covered by MRP commissariats of Standard of Weights and Measures Act or under any other jurisprudence from levy of SACD. This is likely to impact bargainers importing finished dose preparations in pre-packaged signifier for retail sale. The Finance Minister has widened the cyberspace of nonexempt services to include wellness look into up undertaken by infirmaries or medical constitutions for the employees of concern entities and wellness services provided under wellness insurance strategy offered by insurance companies Service revenue enhancement would use to said services, merely if, the payment are made straight by the concern entity or the insurance company concerned to the infirmary or medical constitution. Another new levy proposes to cover services provided for care of medical records of employees of a concern entity. Interestingly, the industry wish list still mostly remains ignored, exceeding the list are rationalization of upside-down responsibility rate construction for preparations, imposts duty freedom for all life salvaging drugs, rationalization of transportation pricing ordinances and so on. Clearly, a batch yet remains to be done for the life scientific disciplines industry. 2010 impact: Drug company Below is an analysis on Budget 2010 with mention to the drug company sector. Increased leaden norm of R & A ; D tax write-off to 200 % Addition in R & A ; D tax write-off positive for all R & A ; D pharmaceutical companies Excise responsibility structured remain unchanged Union Budget 2010: Drug company industry welcomes revenue enhancement inducements for R & A ; D New DELHI: Tax inducements given by the Budget for research and development made the Indian pharmaceutical houses sport a smiling but they are left inquiring if the hiking in excise responsibility to 10 per cent on all non-petroleum merchandises will be applicable to them. Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee proposed a leaden revenue enhancement tax write-off on outgo incurred in in-house research and development activities to 200 per cent from the current 150 per cent in the Budget. â€Å" We welcome the authorities ‘s move to increase leaden revenue enhancement tax write-off to 200 per cent as research and development activities is a must and in drug company sector, where it is most desperately required, † Indian Drug Manufacturers Association Executive Director Gajanan Wakankar said. However, deficiency of lucidity on whether the drug company sector would besides be covered under the increased excise on all non-petroleum merchandises from 8-10 per cent, held back the sector from observing. Presently, the drug company sector attracts 4 per cent excise responsibility after CENVAT was cut by 4 per cent in December 2008 as portion of a stimulus bundle. â€Å" We are waiting for more lucidity over the issue and so merely we will measure the impact, † Pharmaceutical exports council ( Pharmaexcil ) laminitis Chairman D B Mody said. Piramal Healthcare Director Swati Piramal besides said, â€Å" We are still looking at the ( Budget ) documents. † She, nevertheless said the revenue enhancement inducements on R & A ; D was long overdue.ADrug company: Benefit from hiking in revenue enhancement tax write-off on in-house R & A ; D offset by addition in MAT rateOverall impact of the Union Budget 2010-11 on the pharmaceuticals sector is impersonal. The hiking in leaden revenue enhancement tax write-off on in-house R & A ; D outgo ( from 150 % to 200 % ) is expected to be marginally favorable for pharmaceutical companies concentrating on new drug find such as Piramal Lifesciences, Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company, etc, said the taking recognition evaluation bureau Crisil. The addition in Minimum Alternate Tax ( MAT ) rate from 15 % to 18 % will hold a marginally negative impact for most of the pharmaceutical participants. Pharma participants will non be impacted by the addition in excise responsibility on majority drugs as the same is MODVATable. Adept Talk: How drug companies can utilize tax write-off as add-on Thursday March 4, 2010 07:06 autopsy PST Pharmaceutical companies got a much sought-after wish granted when FM Pranab Mukherjee said in his Budget address for 2010-11 that companies passing on in-house research and development will be taxed less. Drug shapers can subtract duplicate the sum they spend on in-house research while calculating their nonexempt income for the assessment twelvemonth 2011-12 onwards, up from the present tax write-off of one and a half times the research spend. The inducement for disbursement more money in research is welcome, but the quest for new drugs needs aggressively higher investings by the public and private sectors and a alteration in focal point from low-value imitator versions of MNC drugs to new therapies. Harmonizing to official estimations, the top 25 pharmaceutical companies in India spent about 6-7 % of their entire gross revenues on research and development in the last financial compared to the planetary norm of 12-15 % . That worked out to a paltry Rs 3,500 crore by 25 Indian companies in an industry with a turnover of Rs 90,000 crore including exports. The entire R & A ; D spend by the domestic industry is less than 1 % of the $ 130 billion spent globally on drug research. Experts say that unless Indian drug shapers spend more than 15 % of their gross revenues on research, they can non hold a noticeable presence in the universe of sophisticated, high-value, new drugs. One interesting facet is that the current research spend is chiefly for happening new methods for doing transcripts of expensive and blockbuster MNC drugs without conflicting their patents so that the transcripts can be sold in markets like the US to do windfall additions. The US allows a six-month sole selling right to the first generic transcript that enters the market without conflicting the patent protecting the original drug or by turn outing that the patent was invalid. This path involves judicial proceeding with the pioneer and entails immense legal costs. The history of patent challenges by Indian companies is dotted with a few dramatic successes and a figure of failures. The interesting portion is that the judicial proceeding cost is shown as research and development outgo by most of the Indian companies. Until Indian companies focus every bit or more on contriving their ain new drugs, Indian drug company industry can non lift in planetary stature as a manufacturer of new drugs. The present focal point on generics or imitator drugs gets reflected in statistics. Despite being the 3rd largest manufacturer of drugs by volume, Indian drug company industry stands 17th by the value of its end product because of the low-priced nature of the merchandises. Companies have echt grounds for non being able to pass on research every bit much as their planetary opposite numbers. They are smaller in size and about a 4th of the market is under monetary value control. Many Indian drug shapers are researching the possibility of acquiring licenses from the drug discoverer to do an authorized generic version which will hit the market when the original drug ‘s patent expires. The scheme is to fall in the rival if one can non crush him. The authorities is besides non able to apportion the big sums required for drug find from its revenue enhancement grosss or regular adoptions. The aid that the section of scientific discipline and engineering provides by manner of non-repayable grants and soft loans for research is besides non sufficient. Therefore, the authorities needs to happen advanced support theoretical accounts to back up new drug research. For illustration, it could present a theoretical account which mobilises financess from investors who are willing to portion the lucks of the high-risk-high-reward game of drug research and funnel it to companies with promising experimental new drugs. Recently, the Planning Commission gave the green signal to the section of pharmaceuticals to set about a elaborate undertaking study on planing such a theoretical account. The section ‘s thought is to inquire bureaus like UTI Asset Management Company to raise financess through tax-exempt bonds. The financess therefore raised will be used to construct establishments, train people and discover drugs. If the research leads to discovery of blockbuster drugs, it will profit investors, the company and the concluding consumer. Even if it fails, the authorities will vouch a minimal return on investings. It is estimated that merely one in six experimental drugs makes it to the market. Public-funded research will besides let the authorities to exert a say in the monetary value at which the concluding merchandise would be made available to the consumer. It might take several months before the finer inside informations are worked out. The FM ‘s gesture of heightening the revenue enhancement sop for research, despite unfavorable judgment that the leaden tax write-off strategy is prone to mistreat, shows the authorities ‘s committedness to advance new drug research. But much more public and private resources are needed to take the Indian industry to where the policymakers want to take it-the beginning of one in every ten new drugs invented.