Victorian Law Reform Commitee :: essays research papers

Victorian sevens Law Reform CommitteeFunctionsThe functions of the Committee, as defined by Section 12 of the Parliamentary Committees Act 2003, are 1) To inquire into, engage and report to the Parliament on any proposal, matter or thing come to with a. Legal, constitutional or parliamentary reformb. The administration of justicec. Law reform.2) It is not a function of the Law Reform Committee to inquire into, consider or report to the Parliament on any proposal, matter of thing concerned witha. The joint standing orders of the Parliamentb. The standing orders or rules of practice of the Council or of the Assembly.Inquiry into Administration of Justice OffencesTerms of ReferenceLaw Reform Committee of Parliament is requiredTo inquire into, consider and report to Parliament on1.The current state of law in Victoria in relation to administration of justice offences (such as perjury, misemploying the run of justice, falsifying evidence and sonorous witnesses) and2.Whether these la ws should be amended, and in what way, having particular regard to interstate laws and the recommendations of the Model Criminal Code Officers Committee Discussion Paper on Administration of Justice Offences (July 1997).PARLIAMENT OF capital of Seychelles LAW REFORM COMMITTEEInquiry into Administration of Justice OffencesThe Governor in Council has asked that the Law Reform Committee inquire into, consider and report to Parliament on 1.The current state of law in Victoria in relation to administration of justice offences (such as perjury, perverting the course of justice, falsifying evidence and threatening witnesses) and2.Whether these laws should be amended, and in what way, having particular regard to interstate laws and the recommendations of the Model Criminal Code Officers Committee Discussion Paper on Administration of Justice Offences (July 1997). A copy of the Committees terms of reference and a copy of a Discussion Paper prepared by the Committee can be obtained by telepho ning (03) 9651 3644 or from the Committees website, http//www.parliament.vic.gov.au/lawreform/The Committee invites written submissions from individuals and organisations on any aspect of this reference. Submissions should be sent to the address below by 31 October 2003. All submissions are treated as public documents unless confidentiality is requested.Executive OfficerVictorian Parliament Law Reform CommitteeLevel 8, 35 run StreetMELBOURNE VIC 3000Mr Rob Hudson, MP ChairRecommendation 1 p. 55 MCCOC Model CodeThat a new statutory provision be created forperverting the course of justice that incorporates thecommon law elements of the offence so that the newprovision would make it an offence to do an actthat is capable of and has a tendency to pervert the

Cadbury Schweppes :: Business and Management Studies

Cadbury SchweppesCriterion 1FMy chosen logical argumentes are Cadbury Schweppes, which is a PLC COMPANY,and Formbend is my LTD company. I chose these two businesses because Ilove Cadburys chocolate and thought it would be interesting to studyand it in like manner has a very informative website. I chose Formbend TubeManipulators because my Uncle is the Technical Director for thecompany and said that he would be able to give me all the informationI need.I know that there are lots of different Cadbury sites across Britainbut my main focus will be the Bournville site in Birmingham. Seeappendixes and .History of Cadbury arse Cadbury lay outed Cadbury in 1824. See appendix He developed hisname as a chocolate manufacturer in 1831 by creating Cadburysdrinking chocolate. See appendix .John Cadburys first shop was onBull Street in Birmingham. See appendix .Then in 1847 the businesshad expanded and needed bigger premises so they moved to Bridge Street,which had its own canal linking the fact ory to the BirminghamNavigation Canal and the main ports in Britain. John Cadbury retiredin 1861 and handed the business on to his two eldest sons Richard andGeorge. The business ran from that site for 32 years, but thenexpanded even more which found them moving to Bourneville. Seeappendix .George Cadbury spurred the idea of better living conditionsin Britain, which resolved in the Bourneville homes, which now coverover 1,000 acres.Aims and ObjectivesAimsCadburys objective is to time lag up the high standards of chocolate andto continue to feed a difference too many people involved in theBourneville site. They also want to make a profit on sales and to beat other(a) competitors such as Nestle. Cadburys also want to continuemaking good character products so they survive and maximise sales. Theyalso need to make sure that they are environmentally friendly and makesure that quality is kept at a very high standard.Objectives1. To continue to lead in the area of community interest2. T o introduce new products successfully to customers3. To continue to help storehouse education in a number of ways4. To improve communication with customers to help improve the standards of chocolate 5. To have a higher quality of products than other competitors.6. To sell a lot of the products that they have and improve any that need to be improved.7. To take part in more activities than they did last year to get a good public voice.For Cadbury to achieve these aims and objectives they must spend a lot

The Impact of Stereotypes on Teens at Point Loma High School Essay

The Impact of Stereotypes on Teens at PLHS 1.)Stereotypes and racism have always been an issue in this and some other societies.Teenagers are commonly the most impacted by stereotypes, not unlike most teens at Point Loma High School. To further analyze this, my social material body read How a Self-Fulfilling Stereotype Can Drag Down Performance by Shankar Vedantam, a science correspondent for NPR. In his assureative article, Vedantam discusses how research proves that self-fulfilling stereotypes rout out drag down many individuals performance. He supports his claim by presenting statistics such as When black people and white people answered 10 vocabulary questions pose by a white interviewer, blacks on average answered 5.49 questions correctly and whites answered 6.33 correctly, and talking about how black students tend to score better on interrogatorys that are administered by other blacks, and finally explaining how all students performance increases when th ey are not reminded of their race/gender before beginning a test. Vedantams purpose is to inform the audience about the negatives of reminding students of their race before a test in an effort to prevent poor performance and boost test scores. Upon reading this, my class has decided to carry out a research project about the stereotypes at our school, and how they affect a variety of students. 2.) We began our study by interviewing a classmate, and then interviewing another PLHS student for homework and recording our data. We then proceeded to fill out a Google form, which aided us in planting the anonymous data in a data table and combining it. Following that, we sorted and graphed the data by gender and ethnicity to see how different groups responded to each inquiry. Upon doing th... ...In my opinion, its as wide-eyed as attempting to avoid judging another individual at first glance or categorizing them into a certain stereotype or group. Removing the part of the test where the students have to bubble in their race would also serve as a beneficial gesture. I am certain that this society has done some everything that is reasonable to prevent the growing stereotypes and racism, and the rest depends on the individuals. If one person stopped judging others based on stereotypes, then others would gradually begin to do so as well. It doesnt sound like much, but overall, this can truly make a difference. Also, I believe that we should accept the fact that at that place is no such thing as immaculate perception, and work on improving ourselves, our perception of this world and how we view and analyze other human beings. works CitedShanka vedentam, Jerry Kong

Capital Punishment Essay example -- Papers Death Penalty Argumentative

Capital penalisationWorks Cited Not IncludedCapital Punishment was basically thought of for the good of society. The objective of Capital Punishment is to stop people from committing violent and offensive acts. Capital Punishment or the death penalty has failed however, to prevent or discourage crime. Moreover, it is cruel and grue about. At generate there are five methods of execution. The most commonly used form of execution is by lethal injection. In this method the convict is first injected with sodium thiopental, which puts him to sleep, then he is injected with pavulon, which finally kills him. The next most common method of execution used is electrocution in which the person is tied with leather straps to a chair and electric current of two thousand or more volts is passed through the body. The initial shock of the electricity causes the persons body to raft forward. The shock burns the internal organs of the person, which leaves them dead. During this process urination, vo miting of blood, change in skin color, and even swelling or burning of the skin whitethorn occur. This method of execution is currently used by only eleven states. The third method is gas chamber execution in which hydrochloric acid and honey oil is used to kill the convict. One of oldest methods of executions is hanging and last method is by shooting (Loeb). All the five methods are in humanee and cruel. The convict dies within a few seconds. He never gets the time to realize his mistake, repent over it or to correct it. Killing that person does not kill crime. So, I do not see any purpose of the death penalty. Instead, if the convict is given the punishment of life sentence imprisonment, he has the time to realize his mistakes and correct it in some form. It h... ...in practice. In Great Britain, it was abolished in 1971 France abolished it in 1981. Canada abolished it in 1976. The United Nations General Assembly affirmed in a formal resolution that, throughout the world, it is lovable to progressively restrict the number of offenses for which the death penalty might be imposed, with at view to the desirability of abolishing this punishment(57).Furthermore, the U.S is popular for its justice and respect for human life. Death Penalty does not to with this image of our country. So death penalty abolishment is necessary, to stick to our values and morals.Thus, I hope I have sufficiently tried to prove my view that Capital Punishment is not right. Because it is unfair and unjust innocent people are executed it is more expensive than life imprisonment. Therefore it is a highly controversial and emotional subject.

Hamlet, the Melancholy One Essays -- A Level Essays

Hamlet, the Melancholy One Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet features the most famous protagonist in English literature Hamlet. native from his character is the melancholy which permanently afflicted him. This essay concerns itself with this aspect of Hamlet. Harry Levin explains the choices open to the melancholy hero in the General Introduction to The Riverside Shakespeare The translation of Hamlet, What a piece of work is a man (II.ii.303), carries an ironic reverberation. His melancholy gaze looks up and down skyward toward this brave oerhanging firmament and earthward toward the grave. Those twain portraits which he shows to the Queen illustrate mans potentialities for good and for evil. The scale ascends or descends with the spiritual and carnal aspects of his dual nature he can purpose to be a godlike Hyperion or else can grovel like a brutal satyr. Hamlets existential dilemma echoes the self-interrogations of Montaigne, not but through the language of John Florios transla tion but in its ambiguous balance between scepticism and faith.(8) Hamlets melancholy did not prevent his choosing the more noble of the options available. But lets begin at the start It is obvious that from the very outset of this tragedy there is a melancholic protagonist. And the depressing aspect of the initial imagery of the drama tend to underline and reinforce Hamlets melancholy. Marchette Chute in The Story Told in Hamlet describes some of this imagery of the opening scene The story opens in the cold and dark of a winter night in Denmark, while the reserve is being changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes t... ...Greenhaven Press, 1996. Excerpted from Shakespeares Women. N.p. n.p., 1981. Rosenberg, Marvin. Laertes An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ Univ. of Delaware Press, 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html West, Rebecca. A royal court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957. Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. Shakespeare. Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

Hamlet, the Melancholy One Essays -- A Level Essays

Hamlet, the Melancholy One Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet features the most famous protagonist in English books Hamlet. Inseparable from his character is the somber which permanently afflicted him. This essay concerns itself with this aspect of Hamlet. Harry Levin explains the choices open to the melancholy hero in the General Introduction to The riverside Shakespeare The explanation of Hamlet, What a piece of work is a man (II.ii.303), carries an ironic reverberation. His melancholy gaze looks up and down skyward toward this brave oerhanging firmament and earthward toward the grave. Those two portraits which he shows to the Queen illustrate mans potentialities for good and for evil. The scale ascends or descends with the spiritual and carnal aspects of his dual nature he lot aspire to be a godlike Hyperion or else can grovel like a brutal satyr. Hamlets existential dilemma echoes the self-interrogations of Montaigne, not merely through the language of John Florios translation but in its ambiguous balance between scepticism and faith.(8) Hamlets melancholy did not prevent his choosing the more noble of the options available. But lets begin at the start It is obvious that from the very outset of this tragedy at that place is a melancholic protagonist. And the depressing aspect of the initial imagery of the drama tend to underline and reinforce Hamlets melancholy. Marchette Chute in The flooring Told in Hamlet describes some of this imagery of the opening scene The story opens in the cold and dark of a winter night in Denmark, period the guard is being changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes t... ...Greenhaven Press, 1996. Excerpted from Shakespeares Women. N.p. n.p., 1981. Rosenberg, Marvin. Laertes An Impulsive but Earnest small Aristocrat. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. weary Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ Univ. of Delaware Pre ss, 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html West, Rebecca. A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957. Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. Shakespeare. Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

Social Networking Essay: Boon or Bane

IntroductionPeople who live in the past net only communicate through the way of Telegrams, earn and Telephone Calls. But with the birth of modern Technologies, wireless mobile phone and computers were invented. Then, kind electronic earningsing begins.With this study, on that point ar many questions that we project to consider such as What exactly is Social Networking? Does it have anything to do with this modern society? What are their advantages and disadvantages and what are the effects of this tender networking to an individual.This study intends to tell us the ingestion and effects of social networking and will help us to widen our knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of social networking.BodySocial Networking is way of communicating with throng whether far or nearby places with the use of computers and other(a) devices which associates to World Wide Web. It is also a simple act of expanding the number of people you know by adding friends of your friend s and touching them in social network or in social community.In fact, many of business oriented associated person nowadays promote their existing and upcoming business with the use of it and some people looking to connect with other business contacts usually move to social networking sites. For students, social networking is the easiest way of collecting informations about their assignments, look document and even military personnels information or job opportunities.I have list some common networking sites for referencesFacebook Facebook was founded in February 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University students Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes.8 The founders had initially limited the websites membership to students of the University of Harvard, but later expanded it to colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League, and Stanford University. It gradually added support for students at various other universitie s before it undefended to high-school students, and eventually to anyone aged 13 and over.Facebook now allows anyone who claims to be at least 13 years old to become a evinceed user of the website.9 Users must scan before using the site, after which they may create a personal profile, add other users as friends, exchange messages, and receive automatic notifications when they update their profile. Additionally, users may meet common-interest user groups, organized by workplace, school or college, or other characteristics, and categorize their friends into lists such as People from Work or stopping point Friendschirrup Twitter is a very simple service that is rapidly becoming one of the most talked-about social networking service providers. When you have a Twitter account, you can use the service to post and receive messages to a network of contacts, as opposed to send bulk email messages. You can build your network of contacts, and invite others to receive your Tweets, and can follow other members posts. Twitter makes it easy to opt into or out of networks. Additionally, you can choose to stop following a specific persons feed.Linkedln LinkedIn is an online social network for business professionals, which is intentional specifically for professional networking, to help them find a job, discover sales leads, connect with potential business partners. Unlike most of the other social networks, LinkedIn does not focus on making friends or sharing media like photos, videos and music. LinkedIn offers many resources for entrepreneurs. discoloration yourself as an entrepreneur, find service providers or partners, and participate with your LinkedIn network to strengthen your profile.Myspace On MySpace, your social network starts growing from the first day. When you join MySpace, the first quantity is to create a profile. You then, invite friends to join there and search for your friends on already profiled on MySpace these friends become your initial Friend Spa ce. Once the friendship is sustain all the people in your friends Friend Space become part of your network. In that sense, everyone on MySpace is in your Extended Network.Blogs A blog is a raillery or informational site published on the World Wide Web and consisting of discrete entries (posts) typically displayed in reverse chronological order (the most novel-fashioned post appears first). Until 2009 blogs were usually the work of a single individual, occasionally of a small group, and often covered a single subject. More recently multi-author blogs (MABs) have developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors and professionally edited.Hi5 Hi5 shares many similarities with many social network sites however, it introduces some twists that make it worthwhile for people who love severe out new and interesting online communities. However, it is not one of the popular sites in the United States. This was a strategic move from the founder, therefore, Hi5 claims somewhat 60 million members from more than than 200 countries other than the US. One of the sites biggest transformations is the addition of many entertainment options, including games.Tagged Tagged is a blend of social networking features that MySpace and Facebook users will find very familiar. Tagged was designed to help users meet crowds of new people with similar interests in a short amount of time. You can access and register directly or be invited by a friend to join Tagged. This is a free social network that allows you to view your friends newly uploaded Tagged photo album. Tagged encourages its users to meet strangers based on shared interests, with the idea of growing your network to meet as many people as possible.And Electronic Mailer or Email This social site is the first step of all. Without this email address you will not be able to join any socialnetworking site although you have to register here as well but you can use this email as the key to join any social networking sites. I have list few advantages and disadvantages of social networking. The advantages are as followsEasiest ConnectionThere is no easier on fastest way to make a connection than via social networking. Through such sites, individuals make new friends or business connections or extend their personal base by connecting and inter-acting with friends. These connections can help one with a variety of things such as purpose romance, seeking a new job or seeking advice on personal issue or even in career.In many ways, social networking communities are the visual equivalent of meeting everywhere to exchange password and get update on friends and families. Plus, social networking websites can access anywhere around the globe. For other people it can help an individual to establish communication with their love ones and friends through which they can strengthen their relationships and knowledge.Increase News CycleSocial networking has revolutionized the speed of news cycle. Many news organization s are now partner with social networking sites in order to both collect and share information. You can understand what is going on in the world just by watching trending topics from many of these sites.Common InterestWhen you participate to a social networking community, you can pick and choose those individuals whose likes and dislikes are similar to yours and built your network around those who share your interestModern EncyclopediaUnlike to manual book, in social network one click of the mouse and the data you were looking for will appear in front of your eye. Assignment, definitions and research is just as easy as you hear it.There is a saying that theres no perfect in this world meaning whenever there is advantages, disadvantages also comes into picture as always.So here are the disadvantages of social networkingWaste of TimeSome of the students used to spend hour in those social networking sites which can obviously take down the students academic performance. Some of them may tend to use Facebook till midnight or even more because of the applications like farm ville to monitor their crops or whatever it is which can lead to health related problems. And childrens these generation spend more time in using social networking sites through which they insufficiency to spend more time with their family.Personal RiskUse of social networking can expose individuals to harassment on inappropriate contact from others. Personal details like you full name, label of family members, birthday, address, phone numbers, schedules, place of employment, photos and etc. you can be easily stalked by strangers or even acquaintances and even identity thieves to replicate your online presence.Actions in the digital world can have far-reaching consequences in real life. Inappropriate posts on social media can have severe repercussions on a students academic career, and students can lose jobs, internships and even interviews because of the information potential employers are find ing out about students on their social networking accounts.Compromising and inappropriate pictures, statements or other information on student social networking accounts can hurt students chances to gain employment. Employers take the images that students are portraying on social networking sites very seriously as a reflection factor of personal character.Real life ConnectionsA huge advantage of this social networking has a reverse side effect that is also a big disadvantage of social networking which is, they humble face to face acculturation. Because of autonomy afforded by the virtual word,individuals are free to create a fantasy and pretend to be someone else. Its fantastically easy to unfriend or unfollow someone or simply block their efforts to make a connection. Just one click of the mouse and your problems are over. Unfortunately, this feature of online socialization cheats people of the opportunity to learn how to resolve conflicts in the real world and it could retard o r cripple ones social skills development.SummaryIt is true that this generation has a lot of changes together with the way of communication but it doesnt mean that you have to be part of new ways because your own choice is what matters the most. If you decide to join or youre already part of it, you should be and have to be responsible for your own safety. One wrong click and Im for certain all your effort will be waste.So, in evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of social networking it is best to be on the side of caution and information. Then, I would like to conclude that social networking is definitely a boon for those who are aware that they are using it for the right purpose.

Ethical issues Essay

1. Environmental HazardsThe pollutants that business industry dumps into the environment be more than(prenominal) than just ugly nuisance they be killers. For example, cable pollution has been found to be related to deaths from bronchitis, heart disease, as well as emphysema, and several types of cancers. Studies by the American lung Association have concluded that between 50 to 120,000 thousand deaths a year are linked to the air pollution that are disbursed by air from manufacturing companies. Ant there is little doubt that the depletion of the ozone is ca apply by atmospheric pollution. According to Coleman/ Cressey (2001), The contamination of our waters with poisonous waste, for example, lead, mercury and dumping radioactive materials at sea to include the sinking of certain types of vessel, has already taken many lives.Thus, alone the American industry creates 3000 new chemicals every year, and most of the hundreds of thousand of chemicals used by industry have never been thoroughly tested to find extinct how dangerous they really are. For example, Dell Computer has come increasing examination for its failure to take a leading role in reducing the amount toxic materials in the production of computers. All so, Dell Computer is utilise prison inmates (cheap undertaking) to handle the recycling of computers component parts. Not but is Dell violating environmental laws and contri buting to improper disposal of computers that contain high contents of mercury, but also is endangering the inmates health. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2005).The growth of our ecological problem actually started in the 1960s, which prompted groups and individuals to lobby congress to establish laws to protect the public and impose unbending penalties on those businesses that violated the laws. Out of this era came the Radiation Control for Health and safety act of 1968, Clean Water dally of 1972, and Toxic Substance Act of 1976. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, Ferrell, 2005). The responsibility of enforcing these laws is entrusted to (EPA), Environmental Protection Agency. Even businesses of today, continue to behave in total u last(a)hically manner when it come to pollution. Many large corporation gullt have pollution control program and/or mechanism in place that places value on the environment, be it land, sea or air pollution.But, most violators of the Acts receivejust a slap on the wrist. Businesses are more concern about their accept self-interest of profits. Thus, continue to found little regards to the fact they are destroying the environment as well as depleting precious resources. Furthermore, the present contemporaries are incline to affluent life appearance and their materialistic greed have made them care slight about the environment. Just as the rules are written for ethical behavior and left open for ones own interpretation and compliance, the same could be said in reference to the pollution control Act, there is a right and wrong way to turn out environmental awareness, but organizations continue to ignore the fact that we are on a path of depleting our precious environment.2. Equal comprise for women.I debate that not only mustiness the hierarchical nature of the division grok between the sexes be eliminated, but the very division of labor between the sexes itself must be eliminated if women are to attain affect social status with men and if women are to attain the full development of their human potential. (Hurst, 1998).Throughout history, women were forthwith involved in production. When the industrial revolution occurred, single women and children were recruited for example from New England to work in textile factories in Rhode Island. Supervisory positions were held by men. Female workers were paid only half of what men were paid, even though they made up approximately 75 pct of the workers (Eisler, 1977). Men were concerned about the entrance of women into the labor market because they felt that it wou ld have a depressing effect on their wages. They fought to keep women out of the craft unions that later developed. Women held strikes in the 1830s and 1840s to protest reductions in wages, speed-ups in work pace, and working hours (Dublin, 1970).Wars change the face of a nation, to include the work cram. During the World War II, jobs held formerly by men were accessible to women. The influx of women into the labor force has continued in recent years. In general, women tend to concentrate in white-collar and service occupations, while men aremore spread out between white collar and blue-collar positions. A decline in occupational segregation has occurred in broad occupational categories, largely because of shifts in technology and organizational structures.But despite these general improvements, women still are found disproportionately in certain occupations such as nursing, teaching and hold only a small percentage of positions as computer specialists, scientist and engineers. Sim ilarly, a man and woman may be both be in sales, but the woman is much more likely to be in fit out sales, while the mans is involved in selling of stocks and bonds. Craft occupations are another group of occupations in which women continue to be severely underrepresented (Herz, Wootton, 1996).According to a US Department of Labor (1996) report, in 1979, women who worked full time made about 63 percent of what men did, but in 1995, women earned about 75 percent as much as men. However, this decline may be due more to decreases in the earnings of men, in general, than it is to real improvement for women (Bernhardt et al., 1995).The Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA) guarantee that women holding essentially the same jobs as men depart be treated with respect and fairly compensated regarding all rewards of work wages, salaries, commissions, overtime turn out, bonuses, premium salary, and benefits. However, comparisons cannot be made across different companies. Interestingly, employers ma y cover workers of one gender more than another on the basis of merit, seniority, quality and quantity of production, or any other factor other than sex. Given that women are still reaching a glass ceiling, particularly when it comes to upper management, CEO positions, these allowed practices are still discriminatory practices.How is equality of position established? By find out and setting criteria for skill, effort, responsibility, and working condition. Ivancevic (2004) maintains that the difference in wages includes also any type of compensation such as vacations, holiday pay, leave of absence, overtime pay, lodging, food, reimbursement for clothing or other expenses. In order to close the remaining earning gap, the concept of equal pay for equal jobs to be expanded to include equal pay for comparable jobs has become more widelyaccepted.3. Women comparable worth in the job market The concept of comparable worth maintains that since females are discriminated in the labor market we have to look at the worth and intrinsic value of the job, and although jobs may be dissimilar in content (i.e. nurse and plumber), both are important to society and the organization. My wife maintains that she thinks that the garbage man/woman has a much greater worth and value (what would happen if the garbage wouldnt be picked up?) than a doctor, for example, for she seldom goes to the doctor, at least not weekly. Even when men take womens work, they are on top of the pay scale. The solution to the erosion of inequality is, regardless whether viewed from the perspective of equal pay or comparable worth, that womens real wages have to rise high-speed than mens whose wages dont have to fall.Though laws now prohibit employers from paying a woman with the same qualification less than a man who does the same work. In support of women rights, I would like to see the law expanded to guarantee that the jobs in which most workers are in the main women are paid at roughly the same rat e as comparable jobs in which most workers are men. My own personal experience of equal pay and comparable worth is linked to the military pay system. This particular pay system is a product of across the broad theory, that regardless of gender, the pay at this particular rank is the same for both male and female.There are four major factors that govern advancement for the sexes education, time in service, training, and experience, though there are special incentives for those with critical skills. In other words, all jobs in this particular specialty are to be considered to be equal in pay for all. Therefore it is my belief regardless if you are male or female with identical qualification and undecided of performing at the next aim there should be no hesitation in advancement. It has been proven time and time again throughout ranks of military professionals, that women are just as capable and sometime more capable than men at performing the same job, but at a higher rate of succe ss and enthusiasm. In closing, the net worth should be based on the value each job (not female or male) renders to the organization.ReferenceBernhardt, Martina Morris, and Mark S. Handcock. 1995. Womens Gains or MensLosses? A Closer Look at the Shrinking Gender Gap in Earnings. American Journal of Sociology 101302-28.Dublin, Thomas. 1979. Women at Work. New York capital of South Carolina University Press.Eisler, Benita, ed. 1977. The Lowell Offering. Philadelphia J.B. Lippincott.Herz, Diane E., and Barbara H. Wooton. 1996. Women in the Workforce AnOverview. Pp 44-78 in The American Woman 1996-7, edited by C. Costellor and B.K Krimgold. New York Norton.Hurst, Charles E. 1998. Social Inequality Forms Causes and Consequences. Allen &Beacon Needham Heights, MA.Invancevich, J. M. 2004. Human Resource Management. (9th ed). New York McGrawpitchers mound/Irwin.U.S. Department of Labor, January 1996. Employment and Earnings. Washington, D.CGovernment Printing Office.

Nature nurture debate Essay

Critically compare how the reputation/nurture debate has been addressed by three different inquiryers or schools of eyeshot in psychology and/or philosophy. At least ones of the researchers/schools must have been active before the 20th century. The nature nurture debate has been a traditional argument for centuries between many psychologists. The debate questions whether humans abilities are innate or obtained through experience. All through history, psychologists have not been able to come to an agreement with the debate of nature and nurture.Even though all psychologists have not been able to agree on the same views, there are several ypotheses that have been tested. This essay impart critically compare the relative importance of the debate through defining the key terms nature and nurture, focussing on three schools in psychology- behavioristic psychology, analytic thinking and Cognitive discussing their findings involved and using evidence to back up arguments used throug hout. Nature is defined as human- creations come into the world as intuitive submit of knowledge and understanding of reality (Smith et al 2003 p. ). In other words the Nature side of the debate believes that everyone is born with some sort of information. Smith et al (2003 p. ) also defined Nurture as being knowledge being acquired through experience and interactions of the world. This suggests that everyone is born as a blank slate and look out everything through the environment around us. Structuralism was one of the earliest schools that came about prior to the 20th century due to the Work of Wilhelm Wundt. It was the first school of thought to be established. The paradigm of structuralism is primarily concerned with the structure of the human psyche, and it does not address historical aspects or change in culture (Lett 1987, Rubel and Rosman 1996). Wilhelm Wundt was raise in tudying psychological experiences. His psychology relied on the natural sciences, and he believed th at psychology was all about conscious experience. The method known as introspection was brought into impart with Wundt believing that trained observers could illustrate thoughts, feelings and emotions through the use of this procedure. Cited online (Kendra Cherry 2012).Wundt defined introspection as the examination of ones own affable conjure up (Schultz D, P & Schultz S, E. 2008 p. ) This suggests that introspection can be seen as a self examination. In his work of introspection he wanted to identify aspects to do with mental experience. To support this Nevid, J. S (2009 p. 7) proposed that Wundt used introspection as a method of elaborating the basic structures of mental experience in the structure of feelings, perceptions and sensations. Whats more, Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927) who became a adherent of Wilhelm Wundt.Titchener collaborated with Wundt on the method known as introspection and the pair decided together to attempt the construction of Ones mind, in terms of brea king down mental experiences into their component parts (Nevid, J. S 2009). As regards to the nature- nurture debate, some theorists may see Structuralism being slightly more on the nurture side, since Wundts explains the experiences in spite of appearance a someone. However, Structuralism mainly falls towards the nature side of the debate which he talks about internal reasons, that Wundt proposes the experience of a person and those experiences are caused by the environment. nconscious drives. Initially, psychology should be scientific and should always be able to measure the things youre studying. Also, introspection could be seen as lacking in reliability and the construction of and individuals brain can be seen as too subjective (Moore 2011). Therefore, the work by Wundt and his disciple Titchener would not be seen valid. Another school of thought is Behaviourism. It was introduced in the early 20th century by John B. Watson and was the primary paradigm in psychology around th is magazine. Behaviourism is mostly concerned with observable behaviour as opposed to internal events like thinking (McLeod, S. A. 2007). The emphasis was placed upon identifying the external factors and produce changes in behaviour, larn or conditioning using a stimulus response model (Malim Birch 1998 cited in Ingleby et al 2010). John B. Watson (1978-1958) gnored Structuralism views, when he considered that the only orbit under discussion that psychologists ought to consider was that of behaviour, and he rejected the consciousness possibleness. ).Watson did not believe in introspection being any part of his school of thoughts. He believed that behaviourism would eliminate all initiatives that Structuralism invented. Supporting this Dewey, R (2007) proposes that Watson implied the behaviourists would completely remove introspection from psychology. Watson strong interest into classical conditioning and controlling the emotions of human behaviour lead to his study of little Al bert experiment. Previously, in the 1890s Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was interested in classical conditioning, and lead to him looking at salivation in dogs when they were being fed.The introduction to PavloVs work on classical conditioning workd Watson to thence prepare his study on little Albert. Watson was interested in taking Pavlovs research further to show that emotional reactions could be classically in condition(p) in people (Cherry, K. 2012). The study consisted of Watson and Raynor in 1920, exposing an orphan little Albert with a series of stimuli, the far-famed stimuli of all a white rat, and then observed little Alberts reactions to it. Little Albert did not show any sign of fear when the rat was exposed. Watson then showed Albert the rat again but making a loud noise.As expected from a youngster, he began to cry after hearing the noise. Each time after that, Watson showed the child the rat and he began to cry automatically. Therefore showing that Watson had cond itioned and emotional response of fear with the child when the loud noise was polar with the rabbit cited in (Nicholas, L. 2008). Consequently, Watson was able to show that emotional responses can be conditioned or learned. He then concluded that phobias were most likely conditioned responses. Watson was similar to Freud, that early childhood experiences influenced the adult constitution.Watson differed from Freud in that he had behavioural evidence that learned responses in childhood transferred across stimuli and environments as cited in (Watson et al. 1920). Watson was a proponent of the nurture debate and believed that all individuals differences were down to the result of learning. Another psychologist that engages into the nurture debate is Bandura (1961) who conducted a study to investigate if social behaviors can be obtained by imitation. The results supported his Social learning theory. McLeod, S. A. 2011) put forward the results from Banduras study as Children learn soci al behavior such as hostility through the process of observation learning through watching the behavior of another century. This is the school that stresses the importance of the unconscious mind. Psychoanalysis is made up of childish experiences and for many alongside biological instincts or drives, particularly sexual ones Cones 2001). Therefore this takes both nature and nurture perspectives into account. Freud is one of the most endowed and the most complex, figures in the history of psychology Cited in (Glassman & Hadad 009).Freuds theory can be used to question the behaviourist approach, due to their view that the environment influences and individuals notion and behaviour. However Freud believes that the human thought and behaviour is more complex than this. Freud proposes that the mind is a combination of all conscious and unconscious thoughts (Malim and birch 19989, Cited in Ingleby et al 2010). Freud proposed a three part structure to personality d, ego and the superego. These three components all have their own individual principles. They are mental processes or systems and not actual physical structures (Griggs 2009).The ld consists of being the source of all basic drives. The ego is the part of the personality that mediates between the ld and the Superego. It is the most pragmatic part of the personality and it finds gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of norms and society (Griggs 2009). The superego opposes the demands of the d, and is known as the conscience of ones mind. It was the last structure to develop. It is known as the morality principle as it represents the moral demands of family and society, and opposes the want for immediate gratification (Glassman & Hadad 2009).Freud also developed a process that the ego used which is known as the defence mechanism. This is the process which the ego used to cherish humans for anxiety. Additionally, moving on from the inequity of the three personality structures, Freud empha sised the importance that childhood experiences impact personality, and this is how he lead to his theory of the psychosexual stages. These stages set-aside(p) in the different points that children experienced throughout their childhood. Freud stressed the importance of nature playing a major role throughout each of these stages that children went through (Feshbach et al, 1991).Erik Erikson one of the major neo-Freudian theorists, expanded on Freuds theory. He developed eight psychosocial stages that he believed each individual came across throughout their life (Glassman Hadad 2009). Erikson proposed that an individuals life frustrate , matured throughout their life span, whilst Freud considered that out personality is formed at the age of 5 (Miller 1983). In addition to Freuds work, psychologist Carl Jung who is best known for his theory of the Collective unconscious established a rapport between the conscious and unconscious. Although Jung agreed with Freud ith the existence of the Unconscious, he believed that Freud failed to explain details about the presence of archetypes within human minds (Smith 2003 p. 464). Overall, Psychoanalysis accounts for both nature and nurture debate, where Freud and Jung were interested in the unconscious mind relying on the nature, however Freud also put forward the influence of child experience representing the nurture debate. Therefore this school of thought indicates a combination of both nature and nurture. To conclude, there are a number Thoughts of schools that countenance evidence for both Nature and Nurture debate.

Reflection Paper on a Beautiful Mind

A Beautiful Mind is a story based on the life of the famous mathematician toilet Forbes Nash, Jr. His contributions to mathematics ar outstanding. When he was an belowgraduate, he proved Brouwers fixed point theorem. He then broke unmatchable of Riemanns most perplexing numeric problems and became famous for the Nash Solution. Game Theory from then on, Nash provided breakthrough after breakthrough in mathematics. In 1958 John Forbes Nash was described as being the most smart young mathematician in the world. John solved problems in mathematics that many mathematicians deemed not solvable.On the threshold of such a promising and outstanding career, he then went on to suffer through triplet decades of a devastating form of paranoid schizophrenia. He lost his teaching professions and his job. He refused all medical checkup treatment and spent years in and out of delusional states. Remarkably, in 1994 John won the Nobel Prize in Economic Science for his work on Game Theory, he wa s only 21 when he wrote his paper. The story of John Forbes Nash Jr. is definitely connected with Logic, as he is a mathematician. In his pause of many perplexing mathematical problems, he used system of logic.And in producing his famous Game theory, logical systems were used. Among the important properties that logical systems can have ?Consistency, which means that no theorem of the system contradicts another. ?Validity, which means that the systems rules of proof will never allow a false inference from true premises. A logical system has the property of sapience when the logical system has the property of validity and only uses premises that prove true (or, in the case of axioms, are true by definition). ?Completeness, which means that if a theorem is true, it can be proven. Soundness, which means that the premises are true and the argument is valid. In one of the scenes in the movie, where Nash was in a bar with friends, the use of logic was very evident. While Nash and his f riends all have their eyes on the same Blonde woman, you begin to sense his genius moment. He surprises his colleagues with the question that if we all hope the same woman, nobody wins, if we all go after her friends, nobody wins, and thus there must be a solution to ensure that everyone wins. With that, Nash writes a jurisprudence on a napkin, rushes out of the bar and works feverishly on his new theory.The scene shows the art of logic, which examines three acts of the reason simple apprehension, judgment and reasoning. sincere Apprehension is the grasp of a concept. A concept is also called an idea, a species, an intelligible form, and a mental word. A concept has an extension, which is the group of things include under the concept. A singular concept is the concept of one individual, for example, your concept of President Abraham Lincoln. A universal concept extends to a whole class of things. The more features (or notes) included in a universal concept, the narrower its exten sion.A transcendental concept is one that applies to anything that exists, for example being, thing, unit, distinct, good, true, beautiful. A concept by itself is not true or false, retributive as a single word is not true or false. A concept is a sign of a thing, just as a spoken word is a sign of a concept, and through the concept the spoken word is a sign of the thing. A concept is not just now a sensation stored in the mind, but is an immaterial act of understanding. A Judgment is expressed in a complete sentence or proposition.Judgments are either attributive, when we say A is B, where A is a subject and B is a predicate, or existential, as when we say A exists. Affirmation or affirmative judgment is called composition, because we are putting two concepts together. Negation is called division, because we are taking two concepts apart. A judgment is either true or false. Reasoning involves three terms or concepts, and two judgments. The major term is the broadest, the minor te rm is the narrowest, and the middle term is between the two, included in the meaning of the major term, and including in it the meaning of the minor term.An example is given in the table below (The Structure of a Syllogism). Major PremiseEvery man is mortal. Mortal = major term chela PremiseKenji is a man. Man = middle term ConclusionKenji is mortal. Kenji = minor term A syllogism is the verbal expression of an act of reasoning. In a syllogism or perfect argumentation, where one thing is given, another thing necessarily follows. Other forms of argumentation give lesser degrees of certainty. A perfect syllogism employes deduction, which is reasoning that starts from general truths, and then applies them in a particular instance.

Leadership Skills: Qualities of a Great Leader

As mentioned by the musician, the essential task of coverership is changing the way work works, so you fire improve the work. In other words, leadership lead their group or team up by influencing them to clear their minds around something they be non sure about and persuade the group to move towards the right path by sharing corporate companionship. The good leaders bear that vision to see the future to debar the fear of unknown or unknowable.Gary Yukl defines leadership as the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what deals to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating person and collective efforts to follow out shargond objectives. (Rowe & Guerrero, 2011) Moreover, the management tries to perfect the current processes or procedures to fulfill the overall objective of the organization. However, leadership is based on sharing the collective knowledge and influencing a group of people to look at different alternatives to solve a probl em.Moreover, the musician describes the five L qualities of good leaders. Following be the five L qualitiesLeaders do lead The first quality is that leaders are accountable for leading their group or team and they lead from social movement or behind. In other words, leading from the front means that the leaders actually tell their group or team members what to do and they relieve them how to accomplish different goals. However, some leaders accept in leading from behind which means they empower their group or team to think what they need to accomplish and how they should accomplish those tasks. Depending on the situation, these leaders decide whether to lead from the front or behind.Leaders listen The second quality is that leaders must have good listening skills. Without listening to their following, leaders cannisternot understand their point of view and it makes it hard for them to lead effectively. After all, the job of a leader is to share the knowledge among all group or team members and without communication effectively, it is impossible to lead. So, leaders must have good listening skills, so they can give right-hand(a) feedback to their followers. Good leaders not only listen with their ears but they also use their eyes to listen to their followers. Sometime words that are unsaid assure a lot and good leaders are aware of this fact.Leaders learn continuously The third quality is that a good leader understands that the acquirement never stops and he/she tries to learn from people around. Leaders learn by observing how people behave or how they react to different issues. leadership is all about making a difference, so if a leader is unable to make a positive change to the group or team he/she is leaders, he or she is not a good leader. So, good leaders always look over the shoulders of their followers to continue learning and it helps them to tribulation their own skills. They need to look ahead, for example, if things are going their way in t he present, they dont rely on that, but they are always penetrative to improve themselves.Leaders love The fourth quality is that good leaders always admire the good work of their followers. Leaders make their followers believe that nothing is impossible if the followers are determined enough to achieve their goals. A good leader knows how to take that extra measure to make a difference and this skills distinguish a good leader from a great leader. Leaders know how to create that atmosphere in which the followers believe that they are following a good leader. Without believing the principles of their leaders, it is hard for the followers to walk in the same direction and good leaders know how to make their followers believe them.Leaders lose with grace The fifth quality is that leaders know how to lose with grace. When a team experience trouble, a good leaders knows how to step up and take responsibility for that failure. For instance, when Canucks failed to advance to the second round of the Stanley cup playoffs, the captain of Vancouver Canucks took full responsibility by saying, we choked. This is a sign of a good leader who knows how to lose with grace. Good leaders do not believe in pin pointing fingers at different someones after the team fails to accomplish their objectives. A good leader makes his/her team believes that if they win, they win as a team and if they lose, they lose as a team.I strongly agree that these qualities are individualist attributes but this does not mean that an individual who was not born with these qualities cannot adapt them. Any individual who is determined to lead a team can use these qualities to influence his/her followers. For example, I always feel that I can lead our cricket team but I panic when we lose continuously. However, it does not mean that I cant adapt the quality of losing with grace. I believe that if i work hard enough, I can adapt that quality. regular though I dont know much about the music industry, b ut I think we have good leaders in all sectors. In the music industry, people influence lives of galore(postnominal) followers without any direct connection with them. For example, Michael Jackson was indirectly leading so many youngsters to follow their dreams. He was an inspiration for many teenagers, but he might not have had all these qualities. He shared love with his followers and he motivated them to take that extra step to achieve success. However, it is tough to say that people from the music industry have all these qualities because more than anything else, it depends on your individual character.In my field of study which is invoice, these five L qualities can play a major role for leaders to lead. For example, the accounting manager of the company I work for use most of these qualities to lead our accounting group. He is a very good listener which helps us to tell him our side of the story because his posture is different from ours. At Kwantlen, Barbara who was my acc ounting teacher uses these qualities to influence her students to achieve success. She is always keen to help students by making them think about different accounting issues and she also focuses on learning from the students by listening them carefully.In order to learn these five qualities, it is better to focus on each quality step by step. The first step would be to become a good listener. This can be done by becoming more patient to stabilise yourself down. at once an individual becomes a good listener, the next step would be to learn how to appreciate good work of your co-workers, friends, followers and even family members. This would help an individual to gain confidence of people around him/her. After that, focus on sharing knowledge because this would allow an individual to believe in continuous learning. Once the individual has all these qualities, the next step would be to lead people or group by using techniques such as leading from front or leading from behind. It all depends on the situation or issues that individual is dealing with. The last step would be to learn to share the success and failure among all group members by sticking together as a group.

Commodity market Study Essay

1.Is Sol Levin running a businessjust like any other business,or is his company open to moral criticism? champion your answer by appeal to moral principle.In todays society has become a commercial chain bewraying blood,it can non be stopped,if not in the interests of business between demand it will always be a demand,is what we need.May be a pint of blood can promote scotch growth,so,it also belongs to egoism(Shaw et al2013,p/63),so blood trading wether to follow business ethics,in my opinion depending on the needs of the recipient,not the opposite.Philosopher Peter Singer elaborated this point in the blood,If blood is the damage of a commodity,donation only means to save other peoples money.(p/99)So if the blood successful sale transaction,both to meet the needs of those who also grew by commercial interests,belongs a double win pay.2.Did plasma international strike a fair bargain with the West Africans who supplied their blood to the company?Or is Plasma guilty of exploiting t hem in some way?Explain your answer.I would agrue that the bargain here was not fair.Plasma international until a Tampa paper charged that Plasma was purchasing blood for as little as 15 cents a pint and then reselling it to hospital in the United States and South America for $25per pint.Blood,low sell high income as a worthless commodity. i supposed Plasma international is quility.But West African,large population,backward development,so,3.Many believe that commercialisation is increaing in all areas of modern life.If so,is it something to be applauded or condemned?Is it wrong to treat certain things-such as human organs-as commodities?Human organs-applauded,we can help poor person who needs organs,but commodities is differen.

Evidence Based Health Promotion Essay

health advance has emerged in the last decade as an important force to improve both quality and quantity of peoples lives. Sometimes termed the new public health it seeks to support and encourage a participative social movement that enables individuals and communities to precede make full over their own health. (Bunton,R & Macdonald,G 1992) Health furtherance plays an important part in everybodys life and the lives our children and our childrens children.The purpose of this assignment is to discuss and give justification for evidence based health forward motion, virtually people may ask why we need evidence based health promotion and rule, this paper goes most federal agency to identifying the answer to this question. Health promotion can be defined in may ways, as defined by the World Health Organisation health promotion is the process of modify people to increase control over and to improve their health. (www. who. int accessed November 2007)Tannahill (1985) defined h ealth as the process of enhancing health and reducing risk of ill health finished the overlapping spheres of health education, health protection and disease control, ultimately they all accept that lifestyle and ecological elements play a critical part in any health promotion strategy. The topic of evidence based health promotion is a timely iodin given the resolution of the World Health Assembly that all members state adopt an evidence-based approach to health promotion using the full range of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. WHO, 51st World Health Assembly, Geneva, 1998) (www. who. int accessed November 2007) In the past few years significant advances shake off been made in health promotion to generate readily accessible systematic reviews of evidence on the effectiveness of interventions and programs.The influence of this evidence on indemnity and practice has, however, been unpredictable and proponents of evidence based health practice atomic number 18 identifyin g ways to increase the design of research in decisions about(predicate) health promotion interventions. www. oxfordjournals. org) Health promotion is a process directed towards enabling people to take action and control over their own health, it is non something that is done on or to people, it is done by, for and with people either as individuals or as groups. In Choosing Health (DOH, 2004) the organisation insist a positive way forward is to promote and to motivate the nation to make healthier lifestyle choices.Ewles and Simnett (2003) state that health promotion is about raising the health status of individuals and communities this means improving health, advancing, supporting, encouraging and placing it higher on personal and public agendas. The purpose of health promotion is to strengthen the skills and capabilities of individuals to take action and the capacity of groups or communities to act collectively to exert control over the detriments of health and achieve positiv e health. Evidence based health promotion assists people in this aim.The response to the current need for evidence has been two fold, on the one hand we have witnessed an increase in the number of produce systematic reviews, together with more robust evaluations from the field. On the other hand there has been considerable debate about the spirit of evidence and how we can judge effectiveness. Concerns about the possible dominance of a positive methodological agenda and its limited applicability to health promotion have been more fully discussed elsewhere. Signs ar emerging that these concerns atomic number 18 being beginning to be get byed.thither is increasing recognition of the broad epistemological basis of health promotion research, the value of methodological pluralism and the particular capacity of qualititative methods to provide illuminating perspectives. (www. oxfordjournals. org) Evidence based health promotion asks us, how do we know? who says so? , it is based o n inspiration, values, holds, statistics, data, samples and research. Research is about proving and disproving and is completed to ensure data is valid and reliable we depend on evidence based health promotion to contribute to the development of our knowledge.It is a critical means of producing evidence which informs practice, offers guidance and prescription, It makes the practitioner an informed individual who practice is less likely to be questioned as unsafe or unreliable. Government documents are increasingly emphasising the importance and their support for evidence based health promotion such as the document better health Wales in 1998 which covers many areas of health, although some years ago the content is still as relevant today. The dominant model for reviewing health pity interventions is that established by the Cochrane Collaboration (1994).This is a bio-medical model, in which the ultimate effectivness of interventions is expressed as hard outcomes such as changes i n mortality and morbidity and behavioural outcomes. Accumulating scientific proof of the effectiveness of a clinical intervention can be complex and can involve randomized controlled trials meta-analysis and undertaking systematic reviews. ( Webb,D 1999) So what are these trials and why are they used? A randomized controlled trial is an experiment with a group of patients which seeks to determine which outcomes are obtained with a particular intervention.Of course it is always possible that a clinical outcome may be a con sequence of some factor other than the intervention This possibility is controlled for by incorporating into the design of the trial a second group, the control group who do not receive the intervention. Patients are randomly assigned to either the intervention or the control group by means of randomising the allocation of patients to intervention or control groups it becomes likely that factors which might influence an outcome, for example socio economic differen ces are equally distributed and therefore cancel each other out.The random controlled trial provides the best assurance that outcome differences can be attributed to the intervention and not to extraneous factors. ( Webb,D 1999) Randomized controlled trials are the most rigorous way of determining whether a cause effect relation exists between treatment and outcome and for assessing the cost effectiveness of a treatment. They are used to establish might of a treatment as well as frequency of side arrogates.This is meant to address issues such as, effects of treatment may only be microscopical and therefore undetectable except when studied methodically on a large scale, also biological organisms are complex and do not defend to the same stimulus in the same way, which makes influence from single clinical reports very unreliable and generally unacceptable as scientific evidence. Finally, it is also cognize and has been proven that when administering the treatment it can have psyc hological effects on a person this is known as the placebo effect.There are some limits of a randomized controlled trial such as ethical concerns, some might say it is unethical to expose a patient to treatment that is inferior to one already currently available, however some might say how can we progress until these trials are performed and results are found. It is widely acknowledged that random controlled trials are not well suited to explaining how something happens, rather than what happens (Pawson & Tilley, 1997), However, understanding how something was implemented and what effect this has on outcomes, is absolutely crucial to health promotion.Since the late 1970s Meta analysis has emerged as a powerful tool for synthesising the results of independent trials. In essence, it is an overview of clinical trials in a particular area of treatment, in which the results are presented in the form of numeric summary. ( Webb,D 1999) There are some weaknesses of using this method, one is that sources of bias are not controlled by this. Even if you have a good design of meta analysis if you have a bad study you will get bad results, it can be argued that only methodologically sound studies should be used in meta analysis, a practice called by Robert Slavin as best evidence meta analysis.Systematic reviews of the literature on clinical effectiveness are being undertaken to provide clinicians, managers and policy makers with a more efficient means of accessing information about effective interventions. Systematic reviews are intended to provide a synthesis of research findings in given areas and present the results in ways which are manageable, Systematic reviews can seek to establish whether research findings are consistent, can be generalised crossways target groups and views or determine whether they vary by particular sub sets (Mulrow, 1995).In addition to the need for systematic reviews to incorporate less stringent inclusion body criteria for research design s is the criticism that they have been predominantly concerned with the quality of the research design and have not considered in detail the range and quality of the interventions in each study. (Speller & Webb 1997) Both quantitative and qualitative research test on rich and varied traditions that come from multiple disciplines and both have been employed to address almost any research topic you can think of.To put it simply qualitative data typically consists of words while quantitative data consists of numbers. Although there are clear differences between to two anything that is qualitative can be assigned meaningful numeric values, these values can then be manipulated to help us achieve greater insight into the meaning of the data and to examine specific hypotheses. (www. socialresearchmethods. et)Qualitative data is extremely varied in nature it can include almost any information that can be captured that is not numerical in nature such as interviews, observations and written d ocuments. some other difference between the two is that in quantitative research, the investigator is ideally and objective who neither participates in nor influences what is being studied. In qualitative research, however, it is thought that the researcher can learn the most by participating or being immersed in a research situation.These basic underlying assumptions of both methodologies guide and sequence the types of data collection methods employed. (www. writing. colostate. edu) Research in several countries provides consistent evidence of a theory practice prisonbreak in health, clear disparities have been exhibit between the best practice ideals and values that are taught and those actually encountered in everyday practice. (www. eprints. soton. ac. uk)Larsen et al (2002) said it is obvious that almost everyone spontaneously experiences a crack between theory and practice. Theory and practice exist in their own right as two kinds of knowledge, theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge. This statement of relations between theory and practice challenges not only theorists and practitioners but also basic thinking in modern, western cultural circles that has been in place since the enlightenment.The experience of a gap is a social construct, it is a product of history and society. While most of the literature on the subject of theory practice gap sees it as a problem it has been suggested that a positive benefit of the gap is that it can provide you with an opportunity to develop problem solving skills. Eraut et al (1995) offers a more precise typology of theory practice gaps, focusing on various types of knowledge and its implication for use in practice.The ideal and the real world for care delivery, the difference between generic and specific application of theory, the problems of translation and implementation (transfer of learning) and the need to identify the relevant from the irrelevant ( often dependent on the setting and the resources av ailable) Research has shown that there can be many factors involved in causing the gap, such as rapid changes in the clinical setting that affect the nature and setting of care delivery, sequencing of theory and practice, lack of recent clinical experience by nurse educators, lack of quislingism between clinical areas and educational institutions and the need to be an educational generalist who can cover a wide subject range whilst clinical areas are becoming increasingly specializer and even super specialist. (www. who. org) Solutions that have been suggested to bridge the theory practice gap such as an innovative curriculum allowing closer sequencing of theory and practice, improving collaboration between clinical areas and educational institutions.The creation of joint appointments (between education and services) where the role is to facilitate the application of theory to practice, promote effective collaboration between the two services and education promote research based p ractice and facilitate the development of nursing practice. And by using the use of tools such as the skills control grid that sets out the knowledge, skills, behaviour and outcomes are linked and supported by research evidence. ( Knight C M et al) Then role of evidence based practice in health promotion has amplified over the years, this is due to the increased amount of evidence available and the willingness of the specialists and practitioners, also the need for precision when it comes to health promotion. Evidence based health promotion is an aide to health promotion and an essential part of advancement in the health field.Health promotion, in point to be effective needs both quantitative and qualitative research to best inform practice, even with all the methods of research it still depends on the lustiness and the extent to which the investigator is methodical in the collection and analysis of the data and its limitations. Qualitative approaches are able to explore the diff erent meanings that individuals attach to health and to the different variations, given that health promotion is committed to the idea that there are many different definitions of health and that the role of health promotion is to help meet some of the diverse needs and aspirations of different communities as can be seen in the Ottawa chart. (Webb 1999) Evidence based health promotion starts from skills and qualities which many health promoters have already. It complements reflective practice by adding the experience of others, presented in various forms.

Industrial Injuries and Occupational Diseases

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES Essay Industrial injuries and occupational complaints checkered by Utepov T. Y. Done by Gilmanov N. E. Alamty 2012 Industrial injuries and occupational disease. An industrial injury covers of two different forms Accidents at spring and Occupational diseases. An accident is a physical or mental injury following an resultant or exposure. The incident or exposure has to be sudden or last no more(prenominal) than 5 days.An accident can be recognized as an industrial injury if the injury occurred overdue to your work or working conditions. In other words, there has to be causality between your work and the cause of the injury. If you accidentally get injured in the workplace, the injury is not necessarily caused by your work. employment You get up from a chair and get a prolapsed disc. Occupational disease is a disease that is caused by the work or working condition. The disease may develop due to short- or long-tem exposures. For fashion model your hearing reduced by working several years in noisy environment.In this essay I want to focus on industrial injury and generally occupational disease. Common causes of industrial injuries want poor ergonomics, manual handling of heavy loads, misuse or failure of equipment, exposure to general hazards, understaffed safety training and clothing. They causes may damage human organs like spine, lungs, eyes, skeleton and skin. There ar many methods of preventing or reducing industrial injuries, including anticipation of problems by risk assessment, safety training, control banding, own(prenominal) protective equipment safety guards, mechanisms on machinery, and safety barriers.In addition, past problems can be analyzed to find their chill out causes by using a technique called root cause analysis. According to definition, an occupational disease is a disease or disorder that is caused by the work or working conditions. This means that the disease must(prenominal) have developed due to exposures in the workplace and that the correlation between the exposures and the disease is well cognize in medical research. Or put in another way, it must not be likely, beyond reasonable doubt that the disease was caused by factors other than work. Examples of occupational diseases Tennis elbow, Allergy, Hearing loss, Asthma, etc.Also, there are several methods to preventing occupational disease organization must organize safety training, control banding, and provide face-to-face protective equipment safety guards and mechanisms safety barriers. In addition it get out be useful if all problems will be analyzed and found cause to solve it. Summing up, occupational diseases are widely known industrial injuries. Workers in every occupation can be faced with hazards in the workplace. Preventing work diseases and accidents must be the goal of occupational health and safety programmers. In ord er to provide safety and health organizations must possibly limit harm from hazards.

North South Airlines Essay

priming OF THE COMPANY sexual unionern Air telegraph hunts merged with Southeast air hoses to create the fourth largest U.S. carrier in January 2008. The new NorthSouth air lane inherited both an aging elapse of Boeing 727-300 aircraft and Stephen Ruth. Stephen was a tough former writing table of the Navy who stepped in as new president and chairman of the board. Peg Jones on the other sight is the vice president for operations and criminal forethought.DEFINE THE PROBLEMStephens objective is to gear the companys financial performance towards stability and continuous growth. This made him concern that the aging fleet of Boeing 727-300 aircrafts living cost may impede realization of this goal.The significant difference in the reported B727-300 maintenance cost (from ATA Form 41s) both in the airframe and engine areas between Northern Airlines and Southeast Airlines made him to probe through Peg Jones assistance on determining the quantitative and graphical report of the fol lowing Correlation of the second-rate fleet come on to direct airframe maintenance costs Linear relationship between the honest fleet age and direct engine maintenance costsCASE FACTS AND INFORMATION (INCLUDING LIMITATIONS & CONSTRAINTS)In addition to the aging formulas below, Peg constructed the average age of Northern and Southeast B727-300 fleets by quarter since the introduction of that aircraft to service by each airline in late 1993 and early 1994 respectively. good FLEET HOURS = TOTAL old age IN SERVICE X AVERAGE DAILY UTILIZATIONAVERAGE AGE OF EACH FLEET = TOTAL FLEET HOURS FLOWN OF AIRCRAFT IN SERVICEAVERAGE DAILY UTILIZATION = TOTAL FLEET HOURS FLOWNTOTAL DAYS IN SERVICEIn getting the average utilization, Peg used the actual fleet hours flown on September 30, 2007 from Northern and Southeast data, and dividing by the total days in service for all aircraft at that time. The average utilization for Southeast and Northern were 8.3 and 8.7 hours per day respectively. In a ddition, available cost data including the average fleet age were calculated for each yearly period ending at the end of number one quarter.Business asset dispraise depends on the cost of asset and its useful life-time. What is distinct about aircraft dispraise is that each component of an airplane is depreciated at different rates and depreciation rules. The North-South Airline problem for this authority may also be resolved by use depreciation methods as follows straightforward line with salvage value method = Asset Cost/ Useful Life The advantage of using the straight line method involves the ease of calculating the annual depreciation amount.The disadvantage of using the straight line method is that this method does not consider the rate the asset will actually depreciate in value. Declining balance method = Remaining Asset Value x Depreciation Rate The advantage of using this method is that it accelerates the depreciation recorded early in the assets life and thus reduc es the nonexempt income and the taxes owed during the early years. The disadvantage is that the method can be applied only when there is a remnant value of the asset.quantitative method/s employed and the solution to the problemNorthern Airlines DataAIRFRAME engineSouthern Airlines DataAIRFRAMESoutheast Airlineairframe maintenance costCost = 4.60 + 0 (airframe age) = 4.60Coefficient of determination = 0.39Coefficient of correlation = 0.62ENGINENorthern Airlineairframe maintenance costCost _ 36.10 _ 0.0025 (airframe age)Coefficient of determination _ 0.7694Coefficient of correlation _ 0.8771Northern Airlineengine maintenance costCost _ 20.57 _ 0.0026 (airframe age)Coefficient of determination _ 0.6124Coefficient of correlation _ 0.7825Southeast Airlineengine maintenance costCost __0.671 _ 0.0041 (airframe age)Coefficient of determination _ 0.4599Coefficient of correlation _ 0.6782ethical considerationsDEPRECIATION USED = SAFETYThe units of production method involves determining th e cost to depreciate and dividing that amount by the estimated production units the company expects to manufacture over the life of the asset. The advantages of using the units of production method include the ease of calculating the annual depreciation amount and that the depreciation is matched to the production quantity. The disadvantage of using the units of production method is that this method assumes the asset will depreciate evenly over its productive life.The graphs below portray both the actual data and the regression lines for airframe and engine maintenance costs for both airlines.Note that the 2 graphs have been drawn to the same scale to facilitate comparisons between the two airlines.Northern Airline There seem to be modest correlations between maintenance costs and airframe age for Northern Airline. There is certainly reason to conclude, however, that airframe age is not the only important factor.Southeast Airline The relationships between maintenance costs and airf rame age for Southeast Airline are much less sound defined. It is even to a greater extent obvious that airframe age is not the only important factorperhaps not even the most important factor.Overall conclusionOverall, it would seem that1. Northern Airline has the smallest variance in maintenance costs, indicating that the day-to-day management of maintenance is workings pretty well.2. Maintenance costs seem to be much a function of airline than of airframe age.3. The airframe and engine maintenance costs for Southeast Airline are not only lower but more(prenominal) nearly similar than those for Northern Airline, but, from the graphs at least, calculate to be rising more sharply with age.4. From an overall perspective, it appears that Southeast Airline may perform more efficiently on sporadic or emergency repairs, and Northern Airline may place more emphasis on preventive maintenance.Ms. Youngs report should conclude that1. There is evidence to raise that maintenance costs cou ld be made to be a function of airframe age by implementing more effective management practices.2. The difference between maintenance procedures of the two airlines should be investigated.3. The data with which she is presently working do not provide conclusive results.

Chipotle Competitive Asstment Essay

As a pioneer in fast-casual Mexican nutriment, Chipotle has played an important role in developing this category. Currently, Chipotles direct competitors include greaser bell shape, Qdoba Mexican Grill, Moes Southwest Grill, so on. Their competition also includes a variety of locally possess and franchised restaurants. Many of Chipotles competitors have more financial resources, greater name recognition, or are soften established in the markets in which their restaurants are located. However, Chipotle has their competitive strength due to their upscale menu selections and peculiarly higher quality ingredients.They use a variety of fresh ingredients, as well as their trueness to Food with Integrity. Chipotle can utilize their relationships with local farmers to create a stronger marketing message and identify themselves relative to competitors by focusing on their locally farmed, free range, antibiotic and hormone free meat. (Chen b? ng) From the table of Competitive Strength Assessments of 4 restaurants, it can be seen that Chipotle Mexican Grill still has remuneration competitive strength over Moes Southwest Grill (0. 4) and Qdoba Mexican Grill (0. 2).Only wetback Bell has the same overall competitive strength rating as Chipotle. Therefore, of 3 competitors, Taco Bell seems to have the strongest set of resource strengths and competitive capabilities and is most likely to achieve the best financial performance. It is accept as of the best Mexican fast food chains in the United States of America with a specialized quick service approach. It had a total of 1,201 company-owned and 4,029 franchised restaurant locations in the United States, plus other 3 company-owned and 237 franchised international locations in 2012.Besides that, the change in the management and organizational structure trickled successfulness in Taco bells overall set up. However, Taco Bell, their rival, was scored the lowest in food quality and atmosphere among limited-service Mexica n eateries by Nations Restaurant News and consultant WD Partners in September 2011. Therefore, Chipotle have a good enough strategy and adequate resource strengths and competitive capabilities to repugn effectively against Taco Bell if they try their best to upscale menu selections, service atmosphere and especially keep their commitment to Food with Integrity

Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 23

October 9, 1864Iam not supposed to seduce a encountert. A bullet went through and through it nearly three weeks ago, and no blood of my avouch each(prenominal)ow for ever pump through it again. The only blood that now courses through my veins is that of whomever I happen to attack. And further something about C solelyie causes my dead heart to flutter and the stolen blood to quicken in my body.Is it real? Or is it a mere memory of something that used to be? Damon once t old(a) me that on the battlefield, boys whod chthonicg unitary amputations soundless woke up to agonizing injure in their legs or cried for the hand that ached, though those limbs were no longer part of them. But while those boys had describe limbs, it seems I have a phantom heart.In my short time in New Orleans, Ive wise to(p) about my Power. Its what has driven me, what Ive thrived on, what makes me a vampire. But thats not the only power I possess. The some other large- workforcetal capacityed isnt e xciting, or thrilling, or dangerous. Its mundane and tediousthe exercising of with behave all everyplace my Power. Ive had to learn to suppress my urges to tot in and to remain with Lexi.Yet when I was with Callie at the show, it was as though my two powers were at cross-purposes, from severally one threa tennering to destroy the other in a private battle in my brain.Now she enters my thinkings constantly. The shape of freckles on her skin. Her long eyelashes. Her vibrant smile. I cant aid exclusively admire the way she wields her own power. How she com worldly concernds the upkeep and respect of her perplexs employees, but also how she grows soft a pad me, cuddling close when she thinks no one is run acrossing.I think of my hand interlaced with hers.And every time an image of Callie floats to my consciousness, I curse myself. I should be stronger than this. I shouldnt think of her. I should put her out of my mind, write her off as a loony midget girl who is lucky Im letting her live.But deep down, despite my Power, I know Callie has control everyplace meand my phantom heart.The next morning, I re sullen to the freak show, with only one thing on my mind freeing Damon. Hello, friend the strong globe, Arnold, greeted me as I walked through the gateway to the f breedgrounds.Hello, I muttered.The tattooed woman came up down him and gazed at me quizzically. Without her India-inked designs, she was actually quite pretty, with high cheekbones and wide, inquisitive eyeball. What are you doing here?I grunted in response.Youll command to apologize to Callie. She pointed at the brass of the tent.So Callie had already told her friends about our disastrous evening. beneficial as I had feared. I walked around the grounds until I saw Callie kneeling over a forgather of birch wood at her feet. Paint splattered her overalls, and her red hair was twisted on pinch of her head and held in place by a single, slender, long-handled paintbrush. The sign verba lizeA cent A PEEK A REAL, LIVE, HUNGRY VAMPIRE. ENTER IF YOU DAREUnderneath was a crude draw of a vampire fangs elongated, eyes squinting, blood trickling down both sides of his mouth. The features were Damons, but it was clear Callie had drawn square artistic inspiration from the burlesque show last night.Callie looked up, catching me staring. Her mouth made a round O, and she dropped her brush onto the canvas. A large black spot suddenly appeared on Damons pillow slip.Look what you made me do, she said angrily.I stuck my hands in my pockets, subtly sniffing the air for traces of Damon. Im sorry.Callie sighed in annoyance. I dont need your apologies. I further need you to stop distracting me so I can get some work done.Do you want me to help you fix the exposure? The words were out of my mouth before I could stop them. They hung between us for a long mo manpowert, both of us seemingly surprised by my offer.Fix the painting? Callie echoed, putting her hands on her hips. Am I he aring you correctly? Fix thepainting?Yes? I fumbled. be you aware that you left me last night to get home alone, with no explanation? Her chin was jutted out, and her placework forcet was aggressive, but her lower lip wobbled, and I could tell she was hurt.Callie, I began. Excuses flew through my head.I work for your father. We should not accost around. Youre middling a girl, and Im a vampire heretofore though part of me was furious at her for allowing her father to parade Damon around a comparable livestock, to let him fight perhaps until death, the other part k tonic that she had as little sway over her father as Id had with mine. And now all I could think about was reservation her lip stop wobbling.Its better this way, I said, twisting my ring around my finger.She shook her head and stabbed the sagacious wooden end of the paintbrush into the dirt. It remained there, as if it were a tiny surrender flag subsequently a battle. No explanation necessary. Weve known each other a week. You dont owe me an explanation. Thats the best thing about strangers You dont owe them anything, she said crisply.I rocked back on my heels. A silence hung between us. The image of Damon glared up at me, seemingly mocking my ineffectiveness.Well, arent you going to get to work? she asked. Or are we just paying you to stand around? Before I could turn to leave, Jasper burst out of a small black tent at the edge of the p laprty. We need some extra handsA lanky man trailed behind him, cradling his forearm close to his breast.Callie leaped to her feet. What happened?As the man held out his hand, blood flowed down his arm onto the ground. I averted my eyes. Even so, pain rippled along my jaw as I felt my fangs grow.The vampires fighting today. We need to a greater extent men. Jasper gasped breathlessly, his eyes falling on me.Stefan, Callie said in a tone that wasnt a question.Jasper and the stocky man stared at me.Well then, come on, new guy. Show us youre Gallagher material, J asper said, jerking his chin in the bursting charge of the tent.Of course, I said slowly, a plan forming in my mind. I could pick out four specialize heartbeats in the tent. There would be copious amounts of verbena, of course, but Id been feeding regularly comme il faut that I index be able to overcome the men. Four I could handle, but five I turned to Jasper. why dont you and Callie take condole with of your man here and Ill join the others in the tent?Im approaching, brother, I added under my breath.Callie squinted at me. Did you say something?No, I said quickly.Jasper shifted from foot to foot, sizing me up with his eyes. Callie will take care of Charley here, and Ill take care of you. Teach you the tricks of monster wrangling, he said, clapping me on the back, pushing me toward the tent.With each step the scent of vervain grew stronger, curdling the blood in my veins.Together, we entered the tent. The interior was hot and dark, the stench of vervain nearly suffocating me. It took every ounce of my fortissimo not to bend at the waist and gripe in agony. I forced my eyes open and looked at my brother, who was chained in the corner. Four men yanked on his restraints, trying desperately to keep him in place.The second Damons eyes arrive on me, his face lit up.Welcome to hell, brother, Damon whispered, his lips just now moving as he locked eyes with me. therefore he turned to Jasper. So, Jasp, he said, in a conversational tone, as if they were just two men engaged in a friendly talk at a tavern, you found a new sap to do your dirty work. Well, come on, brother. Lets see if you can bet me.His bark is worse than his bite, Jasper said, holding out a stake to me. From its stench I could tell it had been soaked in vervain.Give me your gloves, I said with an air of authority. Touching the wood would give me away instantly.Wont give you much protection. Those fangs can go through anything, Jasper protested.Just give them to me, I said through clenched tee th. Damon watched the exchange intently, clearly enjoying my predicament.Okay, if theyll make you more(prenominal) comfortable. Jasper shrugged and handed me his leather gloves. I pulled them over my hands and took the stake from Jasper, my hands trembling s blithesomely. How could something so light be so deadly?Damon let out a low chuckle. Is this the best you could rustle up? He looks about ready to keel over.I glared at my brother. Im trying to save you, I whispered. Damon just snorted derisively.Please, I added.Please what? he said, wrapping the chains around his hands.Please let me save you.Sorry. Cant help you there, he said, before yanking on the chains. dickens of the guards fell to the ground in surprise.Do something Jasper said gruffly. Youve got to thwart him, let him know his place.Listen to your boss, Damon sneered.Be a man and stab me. A real man isnt afraid of blood, isnt that right?Jasper bent down and grabbed a stake from the ground.Cmon, boy. Earn your keep, h e said, using the side of the stake to nudge me forward-moving. I gasped. Pain shot up and down my skin, as if Id been touched by a hot poker.Damon laughed again.The flap opened, and Callie poked her head through the tent.I looked wildly over at her. Callie, you shouldnt be hereBoth she and Damon looked at me quizzically. A sickening feeling spread through my limbs. The vervain, the heat, the stakesJust then, with a simple twist from his chains, Damon broke free and lunged toward Callie. Callie bawled, and Jasper dove to shield her.Time seemed to stop, and without thinking, I hurled my stake through Damons belly. He fell backward, gasping, blood spurting from the wound.I said, please I hissed wildly, in a theatrical role only Damon could hear. Callie cowered near the flap, her eyes wide as she glanced between me and Damon.Damon looked up, wheezing as he pulled the stake from his stomach. therefore I heard the faintest, hoarse whisper over the shouts of Jasper and the trainers as they moved to re-chain Damon.Then please know that your hell hasnt even yet begun, brother.Stefans Diaries Bloodlust Chapter 23Chapter 2Damon and I crouched in the cemeterys hemlock grove behind the mausoleums that housed the bones of Mystic Falls founders. Despite the early hour, already the townsfolkspeople stood stoop-shouldered around a gaping hole in the ground. Puffs of air curled into the cerulean drab sky with the crowds every exhalation, as if the entire congregation were smoking celebratory cigars rather than trying to ease their chattering teeth.My heightened senses took in the scene before us. The cloying smell of vervainan herb that rendered vampires powerlesshung effectual in the air. The grass was laden with dew, each drop of water falling to the earth with a silver ping, and far off in the distance church bells chimed. Even from this distance, I could see a crack lodged in the corner of Honoria Fellss eye.Down at the pulpit, mayor Lockwood shuffled from foot to foot, clearly eager to get the crowds attention. I could just make out the winged figure above him, the angel statue that marked my mothers final resting place. Two empty plots lay just beyond, where Damon and I should have been buried.The mayors voice sliced through the shabby air, his voice as loud to my sensitive ears as if he were standing right next to me. We come unneurotic today to say farewell to one of Mystic Falls greatest sons, Giuseppe Salvatore, a man for whom town and family always came before self.Damon kicked the ground. The family he killed. The love he destroyed, the lives he shattered, he muttered.Shhh, I whispered as I pressed my palm against his forearm.If I were to paint a portraying of this great mans life, Lockwood continued over the sniffles and sighs of the crowd, Giuseppe Salvatore would be flanked by his two fallen sons, Damon and Stefan, heroes of the battle of Willow Creek. May we learn from Giuseppe, emulate him, and be inspired to rid our town of evil, either seen or unseen.Damon let out a low, rattling scoff. The portrait he paints, he said, should contain the muzzle flash of Fathers rifle. He rubbed the place where Fathers bullet had ripped through his chest only a week earlier. There was no physical woundour transformation healed all injuriesbut the betrayal would be etched in our minds forever. Shhh, I said again as Jonathan gilbert strode up to stand beside Mayor Lockwood, holding a large veiled frame. Jonathan looked to have aged ten years in seven short days lines creased his tanned forehead, and streaks of white were visible in his brown hair. I wondered if his transformation had something to do with Pearl, the vampire he loved but had condemned to death after conclusion out what she really was.I spotted Clementines parents in the crowd, arms clasped, not yet aware that their young lady was not among the somber-faced girls in the back of the crowd.Theyd find out soon enough.My thoughts were interrupted by an insis tent clicking, like a watch counting or a fingernail tapping against a hard surface. I scanned the crowd, trying to trace the ticking to its point of origin. The sound was slow and steady and mechanical, steadier than a heartbeat, slower than a metronome. And it seemed to be coming directly from Jonathans hand. Clementines blood rushed to my head.The compass.Back when Father first became suspicious of vampires, hed created a committee of men to rid the town of the demonic scourge. Id attended the meetings, which had taken place in Jonathan Gilberts attic. Hed had plans for a contraption to separate vampires, and Id witnessed him using it in action the week before. It was how hed discovered Pearls true nature.I elbowed Damon. We have to go, I said, barely moving my jaw.Just then Jonathan looked up, and his eyes locked directly onto mine.He let out an unholy shriek and pointed to our mausoleum. DemonThe crowd turned toward us as one, their stares cutting through the fog like bayonets . Then something rushed past me, and the wall behind me exploded. A cloud of powder billowed around us, and chips of marble weakened across my cheek. I bared my fangs and roared. The sound was loud, primal, terrifying. Half the crowd knocked over chairs in their haste to vaporize the cemetery, but the other half remained.Kill the demons Jonathan cried, brandishing a crossbow.I think they mean us, brother, Damon said with a short, humorless laugh.And so I grabbed Damon and ran.Chapter 3With Damon behind me, I raced through the forest, jumping over felled branches and skipping over stones. I leaped over the waist-high iron gate of the cemetery, turning briefly to make sure Damon was still following. We zigzagged deep into the woods, the gunshots sounding like fireworks in my ear, the shrieks of the townspeople like breaking glass, their heavy breathing like low-rolling thunder. I could even hear the footfalls of the crowd pursuing me, each step sending vibrations through the ground. I silently cursed Damon for being so stubborn. If hed been willing to drink before today, hed be at beat strength, and our newfound speed and agility would have already taken us far away from this mess. As we cut through the thicket, squirrels and voles scattered from the underbrush, their blood quickening in the presence of predators. A whinny and a snort sounded from the far edge of the cemetery.Comeon. I grabbed Damon by the waist and hoisted him to his feet again. We have to keep moving. I could hear the blood pumping, smell the iron, feel the ground vibration. I knew the mob was more afraid of me than I of them but still, the sound of gunshots caused my mind to whirl, my body to lurch forward. Damon was weak and I could only carry him so far. other gunshot cracked, closer this time. Damon stiffened.Demons Jonathan Gilberts voice sliced through the woods. Another bullet whizzed past me, grazing my shoulder. Damon flopped forward in my arms.Damon The word echoed in my ears, so unding so much like the worddemonthat it startled me. Brother I shook him, then began awkwardly dragging him behind me again toward the sounds of the horses. But despite having just fed, my strength wouldnt last forever, and the footsteps were coming closer and closer.Finally we reached the edge of the cemetery, where several horses were tied to the iron hitching posts. They pawed at the ground, pull on the ropes that tethered them so hard that their necks bulged. One coal-black mare was none other than my old horse, Mezzanotte. I stared at her, mesmerized at how desperate she appeared to be to get away from me. Just a few days earlier, I was the only rider shed avered.Footfalls sounded again. I tore my gaze away, shaking my head at being so sentimental. I pulled Fathers old hunting knife from the top of my boot. It had been the one thing Id taken when Id walked through Veritas, our family estate, one last time. Hed always had it with him, although Id neer seen him use it. Father had never been one to work with his hands. Still, in my minds eye, the knife conveyed the power and authority that everyone had associated with my father.I put the blade to the rope that tied Mezzanotte, but it didnt make even the smallest cut. Looking down, I saw the knife for what it was a obtuse blade that could barely cut through twine, polished to look important. It was well suited to Father, I thought in disgust, throwing the knife to the ground and yanking at the ropes with my bare hands. The footsteps came closer and I looked wildly behind me. I had wanted to free all the horses so Jonathan and his men couldnt ride them, but there simply wasnt time.Hey, girl, I murmured, stroking Mezzanottes elegant neck. She pawed the ground nervously, her heart pounding. Its me, I whispered as I swung myself onto her back. She reared up, and out of surprise, I kicked her so hard in the flanks that I heard the snap of a rib breaking. Instantly, she yielded in submission, and I trotted her to Damon.Come on, I yelled.A flicker of doubt passed across Damons eyes, but then he reached over Mezzanottes broad back and hoisted himself up. Whether it was fear or instinct, his willingness to flee gave me hope that he was not resolved to die, after all.Kill them a voice yelled, and someone threw a burning torch toward us that arced and landed on the grass at Mezzanottes feet. Instantly, the grass began to burn, and Mezzanotte bolted in the opposite direction of the quarry. Hoofs thudded behind usthe men had leaped on the other horses and were now fast on our tail.Another gunshot rang out behind us, followed by the twang of a bow. Mezzanotte reared up, letting out a high whinny. Damon slipped, grappling to hold on to the tail of Mezzanottes neck, while I tugged at the leather straps, trying to keep us upright. Only after a few steps backward did all four of Mezzanottes hooves get back on the dirt. As Damon righted himself, I saw a slim wooden arrow jutting out from the horses h aunches. It was a clever tactic. At a distance, the mob had a far better chance of slowing down our horse than of middleman one of us straight through the heart.Hunched low over Mezzanotte, we galloped under branches and pressed on. She was a strong horse, but she favored her left side, where the arrow had gone in. A wet streak of my own blood was streaming down my temple and onto my shirt, and Damons grip on my waist was dangerously loose.Still, I urged Mezzanotte forward. I was relying on instinct, on something beyond thinking and planning. It was as if I could smell freedom and possibility, and just had to trust that Id lead us to it. I pulled the reins and steered out of the woods and into the field behind Veritas Estate.On any other rainy morning there would have been lights in the window of our old home, the lamps giving the bubbled glass an orange-yellow look of sunset. Our maid, Cordelia, would have been singing in the kitchen, and Fathers driver, Alfred, would be sitting s entry by the entrance. Father and I would be sitting in companionable silence in the breakfast room. Now the estate was a cold shell of its former self the windows dark, the grounds completely silent. It had only been empty for a week, yet Veritas looked as though it had been abandoned for ages.We leaped over the fence and landed unsteadily. I just barely managed to right us with a hard tug on the reins, the metal of the clacking against Mezzanottes teeth. Then we thundered around the side of the house, my skin clammy as we passed Cordelias plot of vervain, the tiny stalks ankle-high.Where are you taking us, brother? Damon asked.I heard three sets of spattering hooves as Jonathan Gilbert, Mayor Lockwood, and Sheriff Forbes cut along the pond at the back of our property. Mezzanotte wheezed, a peach sparkle lining her mouth, and I knew that outriding them wouldnt be a possibility.Suddenly, the throaty wail of a train whistled through the morning, jam out the hooves, the wind, and t he metallic rasp of a gun reloading.Were getting on that train, I said, kicking Mezzanotte in the flanks. Bearing down, she picked up speed and sailed over the stone wall that separated Veritas from the main road.Cmon, girl, I whispered. Her eyes were wild and terrified, but she ran faster down the road and onto Main Street. The charred church came into sight, blackened bricks rising up like teeth from the ashen earth. The apothecary had also been burned to the ground. Crucifixes were affixed to every single doorframe in town vervain sprigs were hung in garlands over most. I barely recognized the place Id lived all my seventeen years. Mystic Falls wasnt my home. Not anymore.Behind us, Jonathan Gilbert and Mayor Lockwoods horses were approaching faster and faster. in the lead of us, I could hear the train drawing nearer, grinding against the rails. The froth at Mezzanottes mouth was turning knock with blood. My fangs were dry, and I licked my parched lips, wondering if this consta nt desire for blood came with being a new vampire, or if I would always feel this way.Ready to go, brother? I asked, yanking Mezzanottes reins. She halted, giving me just enough time to jump off before she collapsed onto the ground, blood rushing from her mouth.A shot rang out, and blood spurted from Mezzanottes flank. I yanked Damon by the wrists and hurled us onto the caboose just before the train roared out of the station, leaving Jonathan Gilbert and Mayor Lockwoods angry cries far behind.